Phagocytosis

Chronic periodontitis is a complex disease caused by microorganism. recent studies showed the effect of periodontal diseases on the systemic health conditions like cardiovascular disease (CVD). C reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant which used as marker for monitoring of periodontal diseases and systemic health problems. Body mass index (BMI) on the other hand has a relationship with the level of CRP and severity of periodontal diseases as well as systemic health. 1.1. INTRODUCTION…

Measles or rubella, with the scientific name of Morbillivirus measles virus is a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory system. The virus is spread by contact with an infected persons saliva or mucus (Healthline, 2015). A doctor in the 9th century published the first report of measles virus (CDC, 2014). Measles is the cause of 100, 000 fatalities each year worldwide, mainly affecting children (Mayo Clinic, 2015). With a long existence and immense death rates, measles is one of the…

medicine). Echinacea is known for its use as an immunostimulant. It is indicated for treatment and prevention of upper respiratory infections such as influenza and the common cold. It also enhances and boosts the immune system by increasing phagocytosis. However, many of its beneficial effects are still unknown. Evidence from…

Purpose Statement: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the Gram stain of the certain slant cultures we used in class, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, under a microscope. Since it is the most important staining procedure in microbiology, it is used to distinguish between gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The gram-positive cells stain purple, and the gram-negative stain a pinkish color. This staining is a differential stain that allows is used to identify the…

Symbiosis is the interaction between two different organisms in an environment and the effect they may have on each other, if any. When observed in nature, these encounters can illustrate the complex relationship among organisms and how their survival is directly affected. Neutralism, for instance, is a relationship in which neither of the interacting symbionts benefit nor suffer. Mutualism, on the other hand, is a relationship in which both symbionts are physiologically dependent on one another…

second line of defense which is also a nonspecific defense but it involves the stimulation of other lymphocytes to respond. They also produce defensive proteins to combat these organisms. Members of the second line of defense include inflammation, phagocytosis, complements and macrophages. In cases where the second line of defense could also not attack and kill these pathogens, the third line of defense comes into play. This is a more specific defense mechanism that the body has to fight against…

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Porifera Classification information for Poriferans: Poriferans, better known as sponges, consist of 5000 known species, all located primarily in marine and fresh waters (Myers, 2001a). They are multicellular, heterotrophic, invertebrates with an irregular shape and no distinct pattern of symmetry (Myers, 2001a). Overall, they are the simplest of animals; thus, lacking any true tissue and/or germ layers (Myers, 2001a). Furthermore, they are known to be highly sessile,…

ability to cause angiogenic lesions by colonizing vascular endothelium. The bacterium has nine outer membrane proteins. One of the proteins has the ability to bind to endothelial cells which can then allow the bacterium to enter the cells through phagocytosis (Forbes, 2007). This outer membrane protein is identified as 43-kD, but further studies are needed to determine the exact part it plays in the development of cat scratch disease (Nervi, 2014). Although the symptoms of cat scratch…

Concerning nanotechnological consumer products, the most rapidly growing is the use of nanoparticles (NPs).(47) So far the knowledge regarding the safety aspects of NPs is still in its initial phase and greater efforts is needed to understand the interaction of NPs with the human body. (48) Several studies have reported that NPs always showed more serious toxicity than bulks and suggested that their size and the dose were the key factors influencing NPs toxic effects.(49) Despite of this, large…

Review Questions Write one-paragraph responses to 4 of the following 6 questions below. Each paragraph should be 5 to 10 sentences (or about 70 – 150 words), and written in your own words. Session 1: Cell Pathology 3. Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible, and hypoxia is a major cause. Explain how hypoxia causes reversible cell injury (in particular hydropic change), which can then lead to cell death. Lets compare a living cell to a water balloon. When we fill the balloon up…