Phagocytosis

there are nucleases that exist in blood and other bodily fluids that can degrade unprotected non-viral vectors and prevent them from reaching the target cell. Nucleic acids typically enter cells through physical uptake mechanisms like endocytosis, phagocytosis, or pinocytosis…

They are made within the nucleolus from 60% RNA and 40% protein, and consist of two subunits, one large and one small. When produced, the subunits stay separate to exit through the nuclear pores: it is only because of their miniscule size that they can fit through. Many ribosomes then bind themselves to the RER, although some stay free in the cytoplasm. Free and bound ribosomes both create polypeptide chains, which are used to make proteins. To create a polypeptide chain the large and small…

are produced by plasma cells which originate from B lymphocytes. Antibodies are effective at dealing with extracellular (or freely circulating) pathogens. They have various functions such as 1) targeting extracellular pathogens for lysis via phagocytosis or complement, 2) neutralizing receptors on bacterial and viral surfaces and 3) inactivating circulating toxins1. However, some pathogens may hide and replicate within host cells, highlighting the need for a second type of immune response, or…

Identifying a bacteria based off of physical characteristics is almost impossible due to the commonality of shapes and physical features. Because of this, a wide range of biochemical tests were preformed in order to better identify the bacteria. Being able to identify an unknown was the most interesting part of the microbiology lab this semester, as well as, being able to preform the various tests. Proper aseptic technique was used throughout the semester and followed during all biochemical…

The cell wall of a bacterial cell has many functions. Not only does it protect the interior of the cell from changes in its environment but it also helps give the cell shape. In bacterial cells, the cell wall helps prevent cytolysis due to an imbalance of water pressure between the inside and the outside of a cell. The cell wall also contributes to the pathogenicity of a species. As explained by our textbook, “the chemical composition of the cell wall helps to differentiate major types of…

Topic of Introduction Syphilis has been a major public health problem in all healthcare organizations worldwide since the 1500s. Despite numerous prevention and intervention efforts, the overall rates of the case of syphilis in the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have not decreased significantly over time. In fact, according to Sally Ho, “the latest available data, from 2014, showed a 15 percent increase in cases overall, the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention said. A majority of…

Microorganisms are living organisms which can be seen only with the aid of microscope. They are widespread in nature and are beneficial to life, but some can cause serious harm. There are six major types of micro-organisms these are bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. This essay aims to analyse micro-organisms and disease. First the key features of the main categories of micro-organisms and the roles of commensals, and pathogens will be explained respectively. Then mode of…

Introduction The cell membrane provides a boundary between the intracellular environment and the extracellular environment. The membrane is selectively permeable only allowing some substances to pass through while some can’t. The cell membrane consists of two phospholipid bilayers. Each layer has an electrically charged, hydrophilic head, while the tail is an uncharged hydrophobic. The electrically charged head of these layers face toward the water as the uncharged tails face each other. This…

Gout is a “disorder of metabolism that allows uric acid or urate to accumulated in the blood and tissues”(Rothschild, 2015, p. 3). It is more common in men than in women and has a higher incidence in 70 to 79 years of age. The gout syndrome is “ caused by alteration in purine metabolism, the end product which is uric acid. This results in hyperurecemia and in the deposition of urate crystals in various tissues (Woo & Wynne, 2011, p. 869). Hyperuricemia can occur due three mechanisms: 1.…

Clostridium tetani is a rod shaped microorganism’s bacteria in charge of the frequently lethal infection tetanus he word tetanus originates from the Greek word tetanus, which anticipates the meaning to stretch. Tetanus is described by unbending nature and sudden contractions of skeletal muscle and infection within the integumentary system, skin (Tortora, et al., 2016). Bacterial cells, similar to plant cells, are surrounded by a cell wall. However, bacterial cell walls are comprised of…