Branched-chain amino acids

attach itself onto a ribosome. The process of the mRNA attaching itself to the ribosome is called translation. The ribosome acts as a "Zipper" to attach the mRNA and the tRNA together. The tRNA is a transfer RNA that attaches to the mRNA to place amino acids in a specific order. The…

G-protein coupled receptors are found in eukaryotes, and are encoded by around 1-3% of the genes in the genome. In this essay I will discuss the general structure and model of activation of GPCRs, as well as how this model has been realised, through the study of bacteriorhodopsin, a homology model of GPCRs. There are many examples of GPCRs illustrating how GPCRs can have a wide range of cellular consequences and I will discuss how the activation of rhodopsin, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors,…

Myosin are a large superfamily of motor molecule which is move along cytoskeletal filaments and interact with actin filaments. That movement requires huge amount of hydrolysis ATP molecules to change the conformation. The genomic analysis thirteen different members of the myosin gene. In addition, the most present myosin type in all eukaryotic cells are: myosin I and myosin II. On the other hand, the less present type of myosin is myosin V. Also, myosin can be divided to two class; conventional…

namely proteins, nucleic acids, fats and membrane lipids and carbohydrates (which include monosaccharides and polysaccharides). (Alberts, Walter, Bray, Hopkin, Johnson, & Lewis, 2015) There are four smaller organic molecule families which are the primary components of macromolecules. These four molecules are the sugars, nucleotides, amino acids and fatty acids. The sugars link together to form carbohydrate molecules, fatty acids link together to form lipids and fats, amino acids form together to…

As Bayry et al explains in their journal article antibodies from healthy immune groups will somehow bind to heme and acquire the ability to recognize multiple antigens. It was originally thought that all antibodies bonded to their individual antigens in a lock and key sort of function. However, several similar studies, such as the experiment performed by Bayry et al, have led to a much different consensus. It has now been determined that many antibody molecules are capable of changing its…

misclassified as an herb, it’s actually a bacteria, or more specifically, a blue-green algae found in rivers, ponds and pristine fresh water lakes. It is commonly referred to as a superfood because it contains 60% protein by weight and all of the essential amino acids needed by every organ in the body. Athletes often turn to spirulina to support their body. In one study, spirulina was found to enhance endurance and significantly increased the amount of time it took for participants to become…

It does so via the use of two-component systems, one of which is called PhoPR two-component system6. In order for Mtb to survive, it must synthesize its own biotin, an essential cofactor that is involved in the biosynthesis of some fatty acids (e.g. mycolic acid), from pimeloyl-CoA7. During infection, Mtb primarily resides in macrophages, which, normally,…

For the affinity chromatography, purification of proteins or nucleic acids can be obtained. Affinity chromatography is based on specificity and selectivity because the stationary phase includes an immobilized molecule that can bind to specific proteins. However, this technique results in a highly purified material unlike…

Firstly, During the procedure the purpose of this lab was to determine and identify if there is protein in water, apple juice, vegetable oil, potato, and egg whites. This was done by using the biuret solution. So this means if the material turns purple then we know it contains the protein, but if it doesn't turn out to be purple then it doesn't contain protein. The data in this experiment shows that water, apple juice, vegetable oil, and potato all did not contain protein this is because none of…

of amino acid. There are twenty known amino acids monomers. Monomers are molecules that can be bonded together to create something else known as a polymer. Every amino acid has to have three things, an amino group, a carboxyl group and a functional group that is special to itself. Something that is crucial to the discovery of protein amounts is peptide bonding. Condensation otherwise known as dehydration created these bonds linking the carboxyl group of a single protein molecule to the amino…