Adaptive immune system

disrupting the metabolic system of the cells and also destroy the cell when they burst out through the cytoplasmic membrane. Viral diseases are common cold, influenza, Ebola, measles, rubella, AIDS to name a few. Pathogen bacteria release toxins and cause diseases, for instance Vibrio cholera release toxins that cause cells to pump out ions and water by active transport so that the infected dies of dehydration. Others produce enzymes that break down cells or damage the immune system. 8 Fungi…

On 29 July, 2014, ONE News published a report of a nurse who was ordered to make a written apology to a patient who was injected with a syringe previously used on another patient (ONE News, 2014). After realizing her mistake, the nurse then delayed informing the patient until the fifth day post injection. The injury sustained by the patient in the report is termed a Needle Stick Injury. This is defined as an incident that induces a blood wound that introduces “blood or other hazardous material…

health and their child’s, but also for every family member and friend that will encounter that person for the rest of their life. Vaccination, by definition, is “the administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen” (Vaccination, 2017, para.1). Vaccination…

Innate immunity constitutes the first line of defense and is fundamental for the recognition and the initiation of an inflammatory response against microorganism. Maintenance of homeostasis is a primary function of the innate immune system and it is achieved through immune surveillance by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs). The PRR’s are predominantly expressed by cells of the…

What is Psoriasis? Psoriasis represents chronic inflammatory skin condition with complex pathophysiology and significant genetic background. This disease is characterized by erythematous, scaling lesions that exhibit variable patterns and body distribution, as well as different clinical phenotypes. Psoriasis can singifincatly influence the quality of life and usually requires lifetime control. Although hippocrates described scaling diseases of the skin under heading 'lopoi', the first clinical…

a multisystem chronic inflammatory disorder.1 The disease primarily affects the pulmonary system. It causes an increase in inflammatory markers which may develop into pulmonary granulomas. The disease may also affect the skin, eyes, kidneys and practically any system of the body.2 Patients require a thorough history and physical and systemic work-up with treatment focused on the most severely affected system.1 Sarcoidosis can affect any age group, ethnicity or race. Incidence with age has a…

CD4+ T lymphocytes, or cells, are white blood cells that are involved in immune protection. These cells assist B cells in creating antibodies, allow macrophages to establish heightened antimicrobial activity, recruit neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils towards inflammation and infection. CD4+ T cells also produce a group of cytokines, which respectively, trigger an abundance of immune responses. T cell differentiation Originally, Mosmann et al., 1986 reported that CD4 T cells can be…

Active means that an immune response occurred in an individual, including antibody production where passive occurs from the deliverance of preformed antibodies. 1. Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when an individual is exposed to a live pathogen of which enters the body by a natural route, such as an infection, and a primary immune response develops to produce antibodies against the antigen. As a result, memory cells are retained by the individual’s immune system to provide immunity…

for controlling cytokine production, transcription of DNA, cell survival, and plays a key role in regulating the body’s immune response to infection. It is important for IkBa is be present in cells and carry out its role because incorrect regulation of the NF-kB protein complex has been linked to cancer, viral infections, inflammatory diseases,…

Discussion: This experiment aimed to quantitatively estimate the number of worm eggs passed in the faeces of the school’s sheep. Barber’s pole worm (Haemonchus contortus) is the most potentially harmful roundworm parasites in Queensland’s sheep production industry (refer to Q1 of Report Journal). It is classed as an endo-parasite as it lives inside the stomach of its host, feeding off the animal’s blood and depriving it of essential nutrients. Symptoms of barber’s pole worm in sheep include;…