Adaptive immune system

Principle People Involved and How They are Affected The principle people involved are patients, both adults and infants. Sepsis affects mostly older adults, very young children, and individuals with weakened immune systems. It is an equal- opportunity killer disease which kills people across all ages and health levels. Many individuals who survive sepsis recover completely and continue to live their lives normally. However, patients who suffer from sepsis…

keratinocytes and tumor cells [13]. It is produced during early inflammatory response. It mediates the production of other cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules [14]. It also increases vascular permeability, which leads to migration of activated immune cells to the site of infection [15,16]. TNF is a promoter of inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor dissemination and therefore a tumor-promoting factor [17,18]. Transcription factors such as NFκB and AP-1 are activated by TNF [18,19]. It has…

Bats are one of the world’s most abundantly diverse and geographically spread mammalian species (Schountz, 2014). When bats come to mind, one would generally associate them with haunted or dark environments, but the main reason why bats are feared has to do with their ability to act as reservoirs for pathogens that cause infectious diseases in humans. Reservoirs of pathogens are essentially places where the pathogen is able to grow and accumulate over time. The reservoir and the pathogen have a…

IC.3. Specific Aims: Specific Aim1: Role of NK cells and neutrophils at different disease stages of MmuPV1 infection Rationale: The role of innate immune cells in HPV-associated cancers has been investigated in human studies (55). However, how these cells fight against papillomavirus infection at different disease stages remains unclear (8). We recently established persistent mucosal infection in immunocompetent heterozygous (Foxn1nu/+) NU/J mice. When compared with immunocompromised homozygous…

The role of the circadian clock in Imiquimod-induced skin inflammation Introduction The circadian rhythm is a biological system that allows organisms to synchronize their activities to the coming and going of light in their external environment. All living organisms contain this biological clock that helps coordinate physiological activities, such as eating, sleeping, and reproducing, to promote survival. In mammals, the principal regulator of the circadian clock is a group of nerve cells known…

adaptive immunity. Discuss at least one specific condition that can impair the immune system’s ability to function normally The immune system defends the body two different ways innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the body’s natural way to fight against disease or pathogens consider this the body’s first line of defense against invasion…

Nutrient deficiency not only adversely affects physical development but it also increases the risk of acquiring diseases due to a weakening of the immune system (Bogin, 1998). In Bogin’s example, the lack of iodine in the diet of Mayan children exposed them to infections and intestinal parasites resulting in stunted height. Moreover, the effects of malnutrition are intensified depending on the timing of…

Our adaptive immunity, which is made out of B-cells and T-cells, gets triggered to fight microbes and record information about them, which creates a memory of what the invaders look like. When the actual bacteria or virus enters the body, the immune cells will respond quicker because of the stored memory. Without the vaccine in the body, the immune system will delay the response and the infection could spread quicker and have severe…

INTRODUCTION Microbes are those microscopic organisms that can cause diseases in the human body. These microbes migrate with locomotive organelles called FLAGELLA, a very vigorous nanomotor that is highly conserved across bacterial species. Flagella allow the microbes to move towards favourable environments. Further studies on flagella has revealed that it not only serves the purpose of locomotion but also plays a very crucial role in bacterial pathogenicity(14). A flagella has mainly three…

Breastfeeding is Better Than Formula Feeding Introduction Many parents debate whether to formula feed their child or breastfeed their child. Approximately 1-5% of mothers have to formula feed because they are unable to provide enough breast milk for their baby, and 2% cannot lactate or have other health problems that prevent them from being able to breastfeed (Sediles, 2015). This statistic indicates that approximately 95% of mothers have the ability to exclusively breastfeed their…