Y chromosome

(Reece et al. 2014) The Mitotic (M) Phase occurs in two parts: Mitosis and Cytokinesis During mitosis the DNA of the cell condenses into chromosomes and removed by the mitotic spindle. Mitosis takes place in four stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of the cell is split in two, making two new cells. Cytokinesis usually begins just…

This is known as a genetic disease that usually occurs in 1 out of 10000. This disease is known to affect the growing ends of bones. This disease will prevent ossification which is a process in which bones elongate because of the deposition of cartilage. This disease is also known by the name Fairbank’s disease. Introduction During the whole course of the report we will see all the major causes of Fairbanks disease. We will explore how the disease actually works in the body and look into all…

to be secreted. A blighted ovum is also called an anembryonic pregnancy. Women with this condition test positive for pregnancy even though they are not pregnant. CAUSES This condition may be caused by: A problem with a type of gene called a chromosome. A poor quality sperm or egg. SYMPTOMS Early on signs of pregnancy may develop, such as: A missed menstrual period. Fatigue. Feeling sick to your stomach (nauseous). Sore breasts. A positive pregnancy test.…

the chromosome 21 to separate during sperm or egg development. As a result of this, a sperm or egg is produced with an extra chromosome 21. When it is combined with the other normal cell, the baby has 47 chromosomes out of which 3 are chromosomes 21. In 88% of the cases, trisomy 21 arises from the non-separation of the chromosomes in the mother, 8% from the non-separation of the father and only 3% when the egg and the sperm have merged together to form one. Translocation The extra chromosome…

permanent change in the sequence of DNA that usually cause harmful effects to the physical body; for the animal being tested this is caused by foreign chemicals of the drug that cause mutations. When this happens the mutation causes changes to the chromosomes which makes the physical appearance of the animal change, this becomes as disadvantage when the animal develops a mutation that may be in favour of the animal e.g. increased…

female parent to their male offspring. A crossover is the basis of genetic information exchange, which occurs when homologous chromosomes pair up on the basis of sequence similarity in meiosis I and chiasmata is formed between two chromatids (Hochwagen 2008). Closely…

information is contained in the nucleus, coiled to make chromosomes – 23 pairs in total. Each chromosome codes for a specific trait, and contains genes – the code for proteins. Chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids joint by a centromere, with the regions above the centromere called the ‘p’ arms and the region below called the ‘q’ arms (see figure 1). 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) refers to the deletion of a section of the q arm of the 22nd chromosome at position 11. (NHS, 2015)…

DEFINCIENCY OF ENZYME beta- hexosaminidase A CAN CAUSE TAY-SACHS DISEASE DEFINITION: Tay-sachs disease is a rare genetic disorder found commonly in isolated genetic such as Jewish Population. This is also known as a fatal genetic lipid storage disorder in which harmful quantities of cell membrane components named ganglioside accumulate in the brain stem cells, eventually leading to the premature death of cells. II. SYMPTOMS: Diagnosis can be confirmed either by enzyme analysis or mutation…

Although PacBio sequencing could generate much longer reads than SGS, the throughput is its weakness. There are 150,000 ZMWs on a single SMRT RSII cell, each of which could produce one polymerase read or CCS read. Typically, only 35,000~70,000 of 150,000 ZMWs on one cell could successfully produce reads due to either the failure to anchor a polymerase or loading more than one polymerase in a ZMW. Therefore, the typical throughput of the PacBio RS II system is about 0.5-1 billion bases (0.5-1 G)…

Down syndrome is a mutation that occurs when an individual has a partial or full extra copy of chromosome 21. The additional chromosome changes the course of development and causes the well known characteristic changes associated with down syndrome. A few of the common physical traits of down syndrome are small stature, low muscle tone, and an upward slant to the eyes. However, each person affected with down syndrome is unique and may possess these characteristics to different levels. Down…