Estrogen

The effects of estrogen replacement therapy on the cardiovascular system have been debated for a while. Elevated levels of homocysteine even to a mild or moderate degree have been associated with an increased risk for CVD. A recent meta-analysis revealed a graded and linear relationship between increased cardiovascular risk and elevated homocysteine levels. (Yuksel et. al, 2011). Estrogen replacement was given to the surgically induced menopausal women evaluating the levels of homocysteine. A total of 45 women were given estrogen orally or subcutaneous. Yukel et. al, states that a growing body of evidence suggests that different types of estrogen, different doses and routes of delivery as well as different populations treated with post-menopausal HRT may result in a different risk benefit profile. Using the different routes of estrogen administration allows the study to have different baselines. Blood samples were taken 15 weeks after the estrogen therapy was started. The levels of homocysteine remained neutral during the treatment. The blood samples did not show an increase or a decrease. Estrogen therapy does not affect the levels of homocysteine, which indicates no changes in the cardiovascular system. Another group of…

Menstrually related Migraine (MM) and Pregnancy A normal female goes through a number of hormone related changes during her lifetime: menarche, pregnancy, contraceptive use, menopause, and sex hormones. A review of literature has shown that migraine is twice as prevalent in women as men. Changing levels of female sex hormones (estrogen) have shown to trigger a form of migraine known as menstrual migraine. Signs and symptoms: • Pure menstrual migraine without aura is probably a distinct type of…

Diethylstilbestrol In 1938, a biochemist named Sir Edward Charles Dodds succeeded in creating the first synthesized estrogen, a feat that scientists had been trying to accomplish for many years. Between 1940 and 1971, a drug called Diethylstilbestrol (known as DES) was prescribed by thousands of physicians to pregnant women to prevent different types of complications associated with pregnancy, including miscarriages and stillbirths (Abboud, 2015). DES is a synthetic form of estrogen that…

In other cases, it is related to an individual’s genes. The increased familial prevalence of breast cancer may be indicative of a gene that is passed down through generations. Two genes that researcher have linked to increased risk are the BRCA1 and CHEK2 genes (Breast Cancer). These genes are typically passed downed from parent to child and in cases that cancer does develop it is referred to as inherited cancer (Breast Cancer). Hormones have been show to play a large role in the risk and…

7 Exercises That Keep You Healthy During Perimenopause Overview Perimenopause is a phase which ushers in the menopause. It is a period where a woman ceases to menstruate for a whole year. This is due to hormonal changes majorly estrogen. The perimenopause period ends after a year of absence of menstruation. As the estrogen levels go down it brings in sleepless nights, hot flashes, mood swings, accumulation of fat in the belly and also high risk of heart problems. Low bone strength and muscle…

Richa Sood NURS 6521 Advanced Pharmacology Walden University August 7, 2014 Breast cancer in women Breast cancer in women For the purpose of this assignment, I chose breast cancer as it is very common and second leading cause of death among cancers in United States, after heart disease. However, due to the improvement in drugs, technology, early detection and better understanding on the disease, the rates are declining as compare to the past. Some of the common risk factors that can…

consists of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the gonads – gonads being the testes in males and the ovaries in females. Together, the HPG axis regulates sex hormone production in a negative feedback loop. Three important hormones that are produced from this process are follicle-stimulating (FSH) hormone; luteinizing hormone (LH); and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH.) These hormones help to regulate the pituitary gland’s production of testosterone and estrogen in humans. Hormones like…

That is right aluminum. The same aluminum found every day products such as soda cans, pots and pans, and computers. Aluminum-based compounds are often used as the active ingredient in many of the deodorants women use today. These compounds may form a temporary plug inside of the sweat duct and prohibit the flow of sweat to the skin 's surface. Some research suggests that these compounds may be absorbed by the skin and cause estrogen-like effects which can increase one 's risk for breast cancer. …

plug. What is the Mucus Plug? The cervix produces a special mucus referred to as cervical mucus. Cervical mucus is a natural protection that a women’s body produces. The mucus is secreted or discharged during different parts of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. The mucus is secreted from the cervix to protect the reproductive organs from opportunistic pathogens and invading bacteria and/or pathogens. Additionally, when ovulation has occurred, the mucus evolves and acts as a safe passage way…

In this article Ariana Eunjung Cha expresses and addresses the link between a mother’s exposure to DDT to their daughter’s risk of breast cancer. DDT is an insecticide used for keeping away the mosquitoes that carry diseases such as malaria. DDT though, was banned in 1972. The ban in 1972 happened mostly because of Rachel Carson’s bestseller “Silent Spring” which had given people headaches because of the poisonous effects of the chemicals on wildlife, the environment, and human health.The…