Protein biosynthesis

are protein molecules that receive chemical signals in the form of ligands and induce responses at cellular level. They are localized at the cell surface, cytoplasm or the nucleus, depending on their amino acid sequences. In addition to using these three different localizations to categorize receptors, the types of action of receptors are also used as a mean of classification. The four main classifications of receptors are: 1. Ionotropic (or ligand-gated ion channel) receptors, 2. G-protein…

A. What is the purpose of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? List the four main components of a PCR. (2 points) The purpose of a PCR is to make large amounts of DNA segments from just a specific DNA sequence. This method is used to scientifically prove if a suspect of committing a crime is truly the person who committed the crime. The four main components of a PCR are: DNA from a sample, nucleotides A, T, G, C, DNA polymerase, and primers. B. What is gene expression? List the two steps of…

in kilobases) (1.2+0.7+0.4+3.1) = 5.4 kb. d) RNA Protein Truncation mutation in exon 2 Same length, same amount of RNA produced. Shorter in length (due to earlier stop codon), same amount of protein produced, usually changes the protein to non-functional, though not always. 3bp in frame deletion in exon 1 Shorter in length by 3pb, same amount of RNA produced. Shorter in length, same amount of protein produced, usually causes the protein to become non-functional, though not always. Splice…

cell growth, cellular differentiation, cell adhesion, the movement of cells and the death of cells. The body is unable to produce ceramidase with Farber’s disease, thus causing the buildup of ceramide. A gene is a section of DNA that codes for one protein. When there is a mistake in the…

cells as a byproduct of photorespiration, photosynthesis or cellular respiration. This is significant because an enzyme operating in nonoptimal pH could have negative effects on the cell, and could pose a health threat to the organism. Enzymes proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. They do this by acting as a template for substrate orientation, stressing the substrates and stabilizing the transition state, providing a favorable microenvironment, or…

Introduction: All organisms depend on the action of enzymes to carry out the reactions of life. According to the text in Campbell Biology, enzymes are biological catalysts. These globular proteins speed the rate at which metabolic processes occur by lowering the activation energy or the energy barrier required to transform reactants to products. Each enzyme is specific, each containing active sites destined for a substrate. Substrates are the reactants or starting materials of chemical…

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are large biological molecules that play a major role in relation to the structure and function in plants and animals. These organic molecules consist of many examples and functions. Each biological molecule has a unique function and emergent properties that helps contribute to the cellular structure in both plants and animals. These biological molecules are known as macromolecules because they are large and are composed of thousands of atoms.…

molecules are chiral, including the naturally occurring amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) and sugars. In biological systems, most of these compounds are of the same chirality: most amino acids are levorotatory (l) and sugars are dextrorotatory (d). Typical naturally occurring proteins, made of l amino acids, are known as left-handed proteins, whereas d amino acids produce right-handed proteins. d-amino acids are very rare in nature and have only…

For example, all bacteria contain peptidoglycans (a molecule composed of both protein and sugar rings) in their cell walls. However, archaea do not have this compound in their cell walls. Archea and bacteria both reproduce using binary fission, and move around using flagella. providing structural support, and lets certain elements/substances…

of a cell must be just right to sustain life and function. More demand would be placed on DNA for indefinitely growing cells because more protein production would be necessary for cellular function. Furthermore, more transcribed DNA to mRNA would lead to the RER working overtime to synthesize additional proteins. The ER would have to process a surplus of proteins being…