Innate immune system

4. Discussion ZnO NPs are known to be cytotoxic and genotoxic in vitro and in vivo [9; 24-26]. However there is a lack of information where immunomodulatory effects of ZnO NPs are considered. Since, in vitro system cannot mimic the complexity of an in vivo system; hence in vivo is preferred for the toxicological evaluation. In the present study BALB/c mice were chosen as the in vivo model due to their immunocompetence and similarity with human metabolic activity, biochemical and physiological…

NK-cells (natural killers) represent a heterogeneous lymphocytes population of innate immune system. They have a natural cytolytic activity, are capable of producing cytokines and chemokines and are involved in the antiviral and antitumor body control. In the quiescent state, an average diameter of NK-cell is about 8.7 microns, while in the moment of its activation it may increase its size up to 10-12 microns (Ferlazzo et al., 2004). This feature was the reason for the initial determination of…

2012). In humans, platelets, erythrocytes, and monocytes show sensitivity to alpha-toxin (Berube and Wardenburg 2013). It is considered to form necrosis in the skin and toxicity in the nervous system (Los et al. 2013). The toxin is secreted by S. aureus in a monomeric form that binds to the eukaryotic cell membranes. On target membranes, the subunits oligomerize to create heptameric rings with a central pore, leading to cell death (Berube and…

Murphy’s current research focuses on 1) understanding how exercise stress affects immune functions and 2) understanding whether the use of proper nutrition can ameliorate the immune suppression caused by exercise stress. The overall goal of Dr. Murphy’s lecture was for students to gain an understanding of how exercise stress affects immune function, the mechanisms for these effects, and the benefits of proper nutrition on immune function following exercise stress. During the presentation, Dr.…

Sepsis What is sepsis? According to the Nationals institute of General Medical Science, “Sepsis is a serious condition caused by an overwhelming immune response to infection.” Anyone can get sepsis, however, people with immature or weak immune systems are at greatest risk. Sepsis, if not treated early and aggressively can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and possibly even death. In years past, due to lack of knowledge about medical hygiene patients ended up with serious infections…

The Bubonic Plague: An Attack on the Lymphatic System The systems in our body all work together to keep us healthy and functioning, when there is an issue with one system, effects can be seen throughout the body. Plague is a zoonosis, a contagious disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans. The bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, which is a vital part of the immune system. Many people are familiar with the bubonic plague and its effects since the disease is…

This is very important as the immune system takes a major attack in the presence of cancer, thus if there is chance for improvement in the hands of stimulants and endorphins is major. Linda Geddes approaches this idea in her “Happiness is Catching” paper; "It used to be thought that the immune system and the nervous system were worlds apart," says John Bienenstock of McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada. Now it seems the immune system, and infections that stimulate it, can influence…

Bacillus anthracis is the causative organism of the serious infectious disease, called anthrax. There are three manifestations of this disease. The manifestations include gastrointestinal anthrax, inhalation anthrax, and cutaneous anthrax. This research will explore the morphology, virulence factors, reservoir, transmission, and portal of entry of B. anthracis. The pathogenesis will also be reviewed, including symptoms, how B. anthracis causes these symptoms, the possible complications of the…

purpose of the immune system is to defend the body against any foreign invaders that might do the body harm by using a series of immune responses to prevent the entry or survival of any foreign body. The human immune system uses three types of responses: barriers, nonspecific defenses, and specific defenses. Barriers and nonspecific defenses are innate or rather they are the defenses humans are born with while specific defenses are acquired throughout our lifetime. The immune system is also…

disrupting the metabolic system of the cells and also destroy the cell when they burst out through the cytoplasmic membrane. Viral diseases are common cold, influenza, Ebola, measles, rubella, AIDS to name a few. Pathogen bacteria release toxins and cause diseases, for instance Vibrio cholera release toxins that cause cells to pump out ions and water by active transport so that the infected dies of dehydration. Others produce enzymes that break down cells or damage the immune system. 8 Fungi…