Innate immune system

Although generally regarded as one of the greatest advancements in medical history, vaccines today find themselves at the middle of a passionate debate. It has become standard for infants and children to receive vaccines intermittently throughout their adolescent lives to prevent the spread of certain diseases such as polio, chickenpox, and the flu. Despite these benefits, though, some parents have become suspicious, claiming that vaccines caused their children to “regress” and become autistic.…

Introduction Parasitic helminth infections are an important burden to global public health, causing great morbidity in humans and livestock. Estimates claim that up to a quarter of the world´s population is affected by soil-transmitted helminths (1), although the incidences are mainly restricted to developing countries, due to poor sanitation resources and health care. Considering these facilities are relatively modern, it is likely that until the 19th century all human beings were infected…

(4G) is associated with increased PAI-1 plasma level due to inability of transcriptional repressor protein for binding to this polymorphic sequence (5). C - reactive protein (CRP) is a member of Pentraxin family, which plays a key role in the innate immune response. CRP is the most sensitive acute reactants protein and its concentration increases rapidly during inflammatory process (6-8). This protein has been shown to have prognostic value in patients with acute coronary syndromes and play…

100 Days of Horror with Bordetella Pertussis by Isabella Theamaree Fortun Bordetella pertussis is a fimbriated Gram-negative, pleomorphic, aerobic coccobacillus. It also has a surface associated microcapsule however the role of this is unknown. Bordetella species, in general, grow best at 35° to 37° C. 1 Their growth is fastidious, and this degree of fastidiousness is inversely proportional to its rate of growth.1 Among all Bordetella species, Bordetella pertussis is the most…

Zinc and Immunity Various aspects of immune system are affected due to zinc (6,7,8). For normal development and function of cell mediated innate immunity, neutrophils and natural killer cells, zinc is essential element. The deficiency also affects the macrophages. The deficiency also affects adversely the growth and function of T and B cells. Besides zinc is an essential element needed for the synthesis of DNA, transcription of RNA, and activation of cells. Cytokines are adversely affected in…

INTRODUCTION Microbes are those microscopic organisms that can cause diseases in the human body. These microbes migrate with locomotive organelles called FLAGELLA, a very vigorous nanomotor that is highly conserved across bacterial species. Flagella allow the microbes to move towards favourable environments. Further studies on flagella has revealed that it not only serves the purpose of locomotion but also plays a very crucial role in bacterial pathogenicity(14). A flagella has mainly three…

All humans are designed with two types of immunity; innate and adaptive. The innate immune system can distinguish between different classes of pathogens and recruit the most effective form of adaptive immune response to eliminate them. Adaptive responses are a response that the body adapts to certain injuries or insults. Innate responses are non-specific to the insult. Unlike innate immune responses, the adaptive responses are highly specific to the particular pathogen that induced them (Alberts…

Introduction: Immunity is a complex system of study related to expelling pathogenic substances (viruses, bacteria, parasites) from the body. It is separated into two distinct categories: the innate immune system and the acquired immune system. The innate immune system is comprised of the body’s first line of defense which consist of physical barriers and certain cell types. The acquired immune system is more specific, actually focusing in on the individual pathogen in question. Focusing on…

as the “ability to fight off diseases” (MPITB, 2014). An innate immunity means defenses against any pathogen. Adaptive immunity means there’s resistance to a specific pathogen. Innate immunity is also known as nonspecific immunity. It uses the body’s own immune system for defense. Skin that is unbroken or intact is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens. The body’s own natural microbiota or flora is a secondary defense system. Our body’s second line of defense against pathogens is…

The first thing that happens when the influenza virus infects the host cell, is initiating innate immunity. Innate immunity involves phagocytes binding to the pathogen using its pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), which binds to the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are present on pathogen. After binding to its cell surface, it starts ingesting the pathogen using either phagocytosis or macropinocytosis, and destructs the pathogen either by…