Innate immune system

What is Psoriasis? Psoriasis represents chronic inflammatory skin condition with complex pathophysiology and significant genetic background. This disease is characterized by erythematous, scaling lesions that exhibit variable patterns and body distribution, as well as different clinical phenotypes. Psoriasis can singifincatly influence the quality of life and usually requires lifetime control. Although hippocrates described scaling diseases of the skin under heading 'lopoi', the first clinical…

CD4+ T lymphocytes, or cells, are white blood cells that are involved in immune protection. These cells assist B cells in creating antibodies, allow macrophages to establish heightened antimicrobial activity, recruit neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils towards inflammation and infection. CD4+ T cells also produce a group of cytokines, which respectively, trigger an abundance of immune responses. T cell differentiation Originally, Mosmann et al., 1986 reported that CD4 T cells can be…

a multisystem chronic inflammatory disorder.1 The disease primarily affects the pulmonary system. It causes an increase in inflammatory markers which may develop into pulmonary granulomas. The disease may also affect the skin, eyes, kidneys and practically any system of the body.2 Patients require a thorough history and physical and systemic work-up with treatment focused on the most severely affected system.1 Sarcoidosis can affect any age group, ethnicity or race. Incidence with age has a…

affect almost any organ systems (i.e. skin, joints, kidney, and nervous system) . The diagnosis of SLE is depend on a combination of laboratory evidences and clinical data. The presence of criteria of SLE diagnosis yields specificity of 95% and sensitivity of 85% in SLE diagnosis. Accordingly, person is classified to have SLE based on the presence of a proven lupus nephritis with biopsy and positive anti-dsDNA or ANA antibodies have been satisfied.…

These two types of enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins. COX-1 is the most frequently expressed housekeeping isoenzyme, it provides gastric protection and keeps the vascular system in homeostasis. On the other hand, COX-2 is inducible, and is triggered when inflammation is started in the tissue. Non-selective NSAIDs inhibit both isoenzymes, which may cause upper gastrointestinal adverse events, including ulceration, bleeding…

for controlling cytokine production, transcription of DNA, cell survival, and plays a key role in regulating the body’s immune response to infection. It is important for IkBa is be present in cells and carry out its role because incorrect regulation of the NF-kB protein complex has been linked to cancer, viral infections, inflammatory diseases,…

have the highest risk for meningococcal disease. Low serum bactericidal antibody levels play a large role in those that are at risk for infection. Those with compromised immune systems are also at an increased risk of meningococcal disease, especially those with HIV, anatomic asplenia and deficiencies in the innate immune system (Harrison 2011). N. meningitidis has been found in the United States, Europe, Africa, Latin America and…

keratinocytes and tumor cells [13]. It is produced during early inflammatory response. It mediates the production of other cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules [14]. It also increases vascular permeability, which leads to migration of activated immune cells to the site of infection [15,16]. TNF is a promoter of inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor dissemination and therefore a tumor-promoting factor [17,18]. Transcription factors such as NFκB and AP-1 are activated by TNF [18,19]. It has…

Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita: The Rare, Acquired, Chronic Disease of Blister Formation Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita (EBA) is a rare, acquired, autoimmune disease that produces the formation of blisters on the skin after minor trauma (“Epidermolysis Bullosa Clinic”, 2015). Due to small rubs and strains, blisters are commonly seen on the skin. EBA does not only affect the skin, but it can also affect the eyes, nails, mouth, esophagus, and lungs. (Prabhu, Ramesh, Rekka, Swathi, 2011). EBA…

The immune system is made up of different parts that are constantly protecting the body from disease-causing microorganisms known as pathogens. By keeping out these infectious pathogens out of the body or destroying the pathogens that do enter the body, the immune system is a complex network of cells and organs that protect the body from infection. The primary immune response is the response that is activated when the body is first exposed to an antigen, resulting in the activation of…