Hypothalamus

Sleep constitutes a major portion of our daily lives. During each night, the average person cycles through Stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM sleep multiple times before waking. However, hours before we succumb to sleep, our bodies are already hard at work producing hormones that encourage sleep. Many biological factors influence the quality of sleep we experience and one of significant importance is the hormone melatonin. Melatonin plays two major roles in the physiology of sleep. Its first role is to…

Introduction The cardiovascular system provides appropriate organ and tissue perfusion at rest and at times of stress by regulation of blood pressure (BP). BP can be expressed as the product of cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance. The arterial pressure level at any given time reflects the composite activities of the heart and the peripheral circulation.(Jones, 2004). Nervous system, hormonal and Kidney factors control blood pressure. 1. Nervous System 1.1 CO – Cardiac output CO…

In chapter 13 the key points of focus are stress, health and coping. As defined by the cognitive appraisal model, stress is a negative emotional state that is in occurrence to events that are seen as appraised as taxing or exceeding one's resources. Psychologists that study stress and other psychological factors that influence health, illness and treatment are health psychologist. Events or situations that produce stress are known as stressors. Significant sources of stress include daily…

Kidneys involve greatly in helping body to regulate fluids and electrolytes. Fluids and electrolytes are filtered by the glomerulus and collected in the nephron’s tubules. Some fluids and electrolytes are reabsorbed at varies segments (proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct) along the nephron. Others are excreted via urine(3). Sodium and potassium are two of the most important electrolytes that is filtered in the kidney. Fluids in the body drops rapidly if too much…

Parkinson’s disease is a disorder in the nervous system slowly kills off and malfunctions certain parts of the nerve cells in the brain. It is a movement disorder of the hands, arms, legs, jaw and face that plays with postural instability making the human unbalanced and uncoordinated. It stiffs up the limbs making the body very rigid and slow in movements. The disease comes with the loss of brain cells that eventually will release the chemical called dopamine. The role of dopamine of the human…

While many teens think they can have just a few alcoholic beverages with no consequences, it is a proven fact that teens should not be drinking underage. 18 year olds and younger are not able to handle the responsibility of drinking alcohol and the risk factors that are associated with it. As a result, many teens can end up in life-threatening situations that could alter their lives forever. The drinking age should not be lowered to 18 because brain growth of teens that age are underdeveloped…

the perceived symptoms of jet lag (Choy & Salbu, 2011). To fully understand the effects of jetlag we need to understand that our body sleep clock is run by light and the exposure to light. The central nervous system responds to light when the hypothalamus receives signals from the retina…

most notably food-related issues and obesity. Infants with PWS are characterized with severe low muscle tone, feeding difficulties, poor growth, and delayed development. Later on, these infants begin to eat excessively and become obese due to the hypothalamus not working properly. Most cases of PWS are not inheritable and are a result of an error that occurred in the region of chromosome 15. When diagnosing PWS, an individual’s patient history is looked at, a through clinical evaluation is…

Discussion The proper diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), or myalgia encephalomyelitis, requires familiarity with the early sings and symptoms of this disease. According to the International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (n.d.), the diagnosis of CFS involves several critical elements about the patient’s history, patient’s symptoms patterns, and a complete exclusion of other illness causing fatigue. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders…

owners to be able to help their cats they must be aware of the signs of stress in their cats. There are several physiological systems in a cat’s body which regulate stress. The two that deal with usual short-term stress in a cat are the HPA axis (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) and the sympathetic nervous system. These are the systems which regulate if the cat will fight or give flight while under stress. Unfortunately these systems are not able to deal with chronicor or long-term stress and…