Hypothalamus

The magic of vision is incredible. Through the small window we are able to see the whole world. Eye is one of the five senses what human possess and majority would agree that it is perhaps the most important one. Many of us would be intrigued by the composition of the eye and even more by his interconnection with brain. How the eye actually works, his structure and the function will help us in better understanding how visual light is converted into our perception. The challenge of the image…

The nervous system makes it possible for animals to know and react to the environment around them. A change or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue is a stimulus. There can either be an internal or an external stimulus. Internal stimulus being something like hunger or pain, while external is more along the lines of a sound or an odor. The nervous system interprets stimuli and orders other organ systems to respond. The nervous system does so through using sensory…

Kidney Function Introduction and definition of terms: The kidneys are the main organs in the urinary system. They filter waste products out of blood from the renal artery. These are then excreted. Useful solutes are reabsorbed into the blood. They also have a major homeostatic role in the body, and help to control the water content (osmoregulation) and pH of the blood. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment within a living…

The results of the experiment showed a significant change in plasma glucose and serum cortisol concentrations of the sheep that were administered insulin which validates the hypothesis of the experiment. Glucose does not readily penetrate cell membranes as cell membranes are composed of phospholipids and glucose is hydrophilic and lipophobic due to the hydroxyl groups (Klein, 2013). Insulin, the major hormone that controls plasma glucose concentrations, increases the permeability of the liver,…

transportation system leads to an increased amount of dopamine to be released at the synaptic cleft (Davis, 5). Within the hypothalamus, dopamine receptors are responsible for overall thermo regulation, thus, causing a rapid increase in overall body temperature (Davis, 5). Based on Trevor’s symptomology, hyper dopaminergic release will result in hyperthermia and a dysfunctional hypothalamus, subsequently causing an excessive release of catecholamine’s to be released and furthering acute stress…

The Pedunculopontine nucleus (Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PPTN) is considered one of the key elements of the reticular activating system (RAS)[1]. It is located in the mesencephalic tegmentum just caudal to the red nucleus and dorsal to the substantia nigra; Laterally it is surrounded by the medial lemniscus and medially by fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle[2]. PPTN has a cluster of cells that exhibit a wide heterogeneity in terms of their neurochemical nature, their discharge…

migraine and cluster headache. In addition, mechanisms leading to peripheral and central sensitization plays a significant role in chronification of a migraine and tension-type headache (Gaul, MeBlinger, Holle-Lee, Neeb, 2017). Furthermore, the hypothalamus seems to have an essential meaning in the initiation of migraine attacks. Finally, dysbalance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic neural system causes cranial-autonomic symptoms in some headache diseases (Gaul, MeBlinger, Holle-Lee,…

Introduction Throughout a person 's life, there are many events, situations and experiences that will form a person 's personality and emotional wellbeing as well as influence their actions. Some of these events and experiences will affect the individual in many ways, either in positively or negatively. Some will provide great life opportunities, while others will unfortunately affect the individual in a negative way which can lead to emotional and behavior issues/problems. One of the most…

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) occurs during winter due to less sunlight and dark hours. Light therapy, psychotherapy and antidepressants generally relieve the symptoms of such depressive disorder. Sunlight stimulates the hypothalamus, a cognitive part that controls appetite, sleep and mood. Bipolar disorder, or manic-depressive illness, occurs when a person experiences extremely high and extremely low moments. Those extreme moments are termed as manias. Symptoms and signs of depression…

Neuroplasticity refers to changes in the neural circuitry at the level of synaptic transmission, and is the mechanism underlying learning, memory and behavioural response modification1,2. These changes are induced rapidly by stress in certain brain regions such as the neocortex3, the hippocampus4 and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus1. Being part of the stress-coping mechanism, neuroplasticity contributes to stress-induced behaviour and neuroendocrine adaptation1,5. Study has…