Caspase

Bismuth is the 83rd chemical in the periodic table. It is found as a natural metal on the surface of the earth. Bi has a ground state electronic configuration of [Xe]4f145d106s26p3 and trivalent and pentavalent Bi, Bi(III) and Bi(V), respectively, are the two predominant oxidation states. [27] It was discovered over a thousand years ago but was often confused with tin and lead. It is a prevalent post transition metal, which chemically resembles arsenic or antimony. Bismuth is the most naturally…

Cancer, Lysosomes, and Treatment Cancer is one of the most leading causes of death across the world. Several therapies exist to fight cancer. They include surgery, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy. One common therapy many chose is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is cancer treatment using one or more anti-cancer medications that are given as a standardized regimen. There are several types of chemotherapy medications. Alkylating agents attack…

Kaempferol is a natural polyphenol, secondary metabolite (flavonol), a type of flavonoid, found in a variety of plant-derived foods. Kaempferol is a yellow crystalline solid with a melting point of 276–278 °C. It is slightly soluble in water and highly soluble in hot ethanol, ethers, and DMSO. Kaempferol acts as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress. Many studies suggest that consuming kaempferol may reduce the risk of various cancers, and it is currently under consideration as a possible…

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Ayden M. Edgar Mackintosh Academy Abstract Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a dangerous virus that creates an inefficiency in your immune system. This is bad because then it makes it super easy for the body to get infected because of the lack of helper CD4 T-cells. HIV is the cause of many death in the world and there is still no cure. Without our Immune cells our daily functions, like getting a paper cut could grow an infection and then result…

Using infliximab to treat Crohn’s disease Introduction Crohn’s disease is a type of IBD that causes inflammation in any part gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. In response to this inflammation, the body’s immune system attacks the GI tract (Dessein, 2008). The progression of this chronic inflammatory disease is brought about by the action of several cellular processes and pro-inflammatory mediators (Poggioli, 2007). Because there is no single factor that can be targeted to…

JNK is one of the three branches of MAPK superfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases. Other members of this superfamily are p38 kinases and the ERKs (Kyriakis and Avruch, 2012). In mammals, there are 3 JNK genes: Jnk1, Jnk2, and Jnk3 on 3 different chromosomes, and each mammalian JNK gene has alternative splicing forms (Derijard et al., 1994). JNK is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. The JNK pathway plays a major role in apoptosis. JNK pathway is required for…

Brian Diaz & Emilio Hernandez Biology Honors Dr. Odom 12-4-17 Curing Cancer: Lysosome & Active Transport For this research project we used lysosomes as the cell structure and active transport as the cell capability. We used these factors in order to find a cure for breast cancer. The reason we chose breast cancer is because if anything were to go wrong we would have the capability of having a mastectomy before the cancer can spread. However, with lung cancer we don't have the ability to…

It was also observed that lead exposure can trigger caspase-3*5, a protease that is highly reserved across mammalian species and is associated with programmed cell death. it is also a factor in the release of cytochrome C in the mitochondrial pathway*5. At Low concentrations lead has been shown to activate…

The enrichment of Role of Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma (DCC) in regulating apoptosis signal transduction pathway was an important finding that indicated the role of Dapk1 in colorectal carcinoma through regulation of ligand-independent caspase activation (Forcet, et al., 2001). The pathways related to Notch signaling were the next significantly enriched biological pathways with practical implications in targeting cancer cells because of crosstalk with different developmental signaling…

phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 triggers the activation of AKT/PKB signal pathway. AKT is a protooncogene protein that inhibits programmed cell death through binding of BAX preventing it from degrading the mitochondrial membrane that result in caspase-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, activation of AKT pathway signals Rheb that triggers mTOR activation translation factor S6K, which binds to the large ribosome subunit and promotes RNA translation (Davis et al., 2014). This…