AKT

PTEN regulation of PI3K/AKT Pathway In the first lecture of class we discussed a diagram from Saltiel and Kahn 2001. The diagram presented the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Serine/Threonine Kinase (AKT)/ Protein Kinase B (PKB) pathway inhibition of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) through activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and a recent study reports similar findings (Mathew et al. 2016; Saltiel and Kahn 2001). Activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway can be triggered by transmembrane Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) signaling. When an extracellular growth factor binds to the RTK it dimerizes and triggers autophosphorylation through the homologous interaction of each monomer. The dimerized RTK is dependent on the…

Pathophysiology: Proteus syndrome is caused by an activating somatic mosaic mutation in AKT1, a gene which encodes the well-studied serine/threonine kinase PKB/Akt .1,2 Akt is the key mediator of the PI3K signaling pathway. In response to a growth signal (e.g. IGF, EGF) and the autophosphorylation of a receptor tyrosine kinase, PI3K is recruited and activated, generating PIP¬3 molecules at the lipid membrane. These partially activate Akt and also activate PDK1/2, which complete the Akt…

ABSTRACT: Profitable animal production require high fertility animals that exhibit healthy ovarian follicles, which contributes to estradiol synthesis. Follicle maturation relies on coordination between pituitary hormones and intraovarian signaling pathways. Recently Wnt/beta-catenin signaling has been established as necessary modulators of folliculogenesis in response to FSH. In granulosa cells (GC), beta-catenin is a central key in regulation of aromatase (Cyp19a1) expression. In addition,…

world, it’s vital to have a nice appearance for anyone who you’re trying to leave a lasting impression on. Hockey games are no different. The first thing a player notices about its opposition, even before stepping on the ice, is the way they’re dressed. Hockey teams meet other teams they have yet to face over and over again, and their first impressions can be vital to the way the game plays out. The Bauer Re-Akt is head over heels the best looking helmet on the market, because of the sleek look…

Downstream Targets Due to the lack of developing an effective Ras treatment, some have turned to targeting downstream effectors of Ras. Downstream effectors have a critical role in Ras carcinogenesis and are commonly found in KRAS mutated cancers. The most intensely targeted pathways are the Raf-MEK-ERK (MAPK) and PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathways. Raf-MEK-ERK MAPK signaling is initiated through receptor tyrosine kinases after their activation by growth factors (Mccubrey 2006). Once Ras is in its…

It is also known as protein kinase B (PKB). It contains at least three subunits (AKT1/PKBa, AKT2/PKBb and AKT3/PKBg) in humans (Song et al., 2005; Fayard et al., 2010). Researches have shown that AKT executes numerous tasks through phosphorylation of several cellular substrates and plays an important role in physiological and pathological settings. The phosphorylation of PKB Ser473 is reduced in both the cytosolic and membrane fractions of PD midbrain (Timmons et al., 2009). PKB and its…

Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog is also known as PTEN, it is a phosphates encoding gene. PTEN gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 10 at the position 23.3. PTEN was first discovered in 1997, and it is a tumour suppressor gene (Li & Sun 1997, Li et al. 1997, Steck et al. 1997) it helps to regulate cell division. They function as a lipid phosphates to regulate signal transduction pathways, such as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3k), protein kinase B (AKT) . The activity of its lipid…

Furthermore, Roy et al, (2009). Indicated that luteinizing Hormone (LH) on luteal cells can directly phosphorylate GSK3β through PKA-dependent phosphorelation, and that 's reflected in the accumulation of CTNNB1 and the StAR enzyme synthesis. Although, treatment with FSH increase AKT abundance which increase E2 synthesis, the activation of this pathway induces the phosphorelation of GSK3β that consider one part of the CTNNB1 destruction complex (Law et al., 2013), related of what Gomez et al.,…

IGF1R, which, when activated, triggers a chemical sequence called the AKT pathway. This process, revolving around a protein called AKT, has significant effects on the life and death of the cell. iii. A chemical resemblance to insulin also allows IGF-1 to active the insulin receptor. This protein triggers a process that ultimately causes a cell to take in more glucose from the bloodstream. iv. Pro-inflammatory cytokines seem to dampen several components of the IGF-I pathway. Many of the…

downstream from the BRAF which in turn cause the same general affects as the NRAS because the cell is told to divide and survive. Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase (PI3)/AKT pathway is also a major pathway that is involved in cell growth and proliferation, it becomes overactive or dysregulated in malignant melanoma. The PI3K is usually activated by a tyrosine kinase, RAS proteins, and cell to cell contact. After activation the PI3K it leads to the binding of a protein in the plasma membrane called…