Antibody

An infant is born to two parents. The father has type A blood and the mother has type B blood. A sample of the infant’s blood is sent for blood typing. When the infant’s blood is subjected to forward typing, there is no agglutination. When back-typing is performed, the infant’s serum causes agglutination with both type A and type B RBCs. Which of the following is the most likely interpretation of these results? A. The infant has type A blood. B. The infant has type AB blood. C. The infant has…

a substance to aid in the inspection of tissues, microorganisms, or other cells under a microscope. • Tests for antibodies to the microorganism Antibody tests rely on on the fact that there are specific antibodies for each antigen and each one can be used to determine the presence of the other. For example, a known antigen can be added into a blood sample and if the matching antibody exists in the sample, they will bind together. These tests are typically…

indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique, and immunosorbent agglutination assay (ISAGA). The Sabin-Feldman dye test, however, is the gold standard immunological assay. In the Sabin-Feldman dye test, the patient’s serum is treated with both live T. gondii organisms and methylene blue dye. If the patient has been previously exposed to T. gondii, antibodies will be present in the serum that will lyse the live T. gondii, leaving them clear (positive result). If no antibodies are present,…

Presence of anti-dengue antibodies inhibits agglutination of RBC. Paired sera are obtained during acute phase and convalescent phase of the dengue with a time interval of more than seven days. In primary infection, the acute-phase serum has low level of antibodies and will later have gradual elevation of HI antibody titres. In secondary infection, there is a rapid rise in HI antibody titres, normally going beyond 1:1280. Prevention and control • Public…

activated B cell can differentiate and secrete many antibodies with the same specificity for the original antigen. B cells express specific antigen receptors (immunoglobulin molecules) on their cell surface during their development and, when mature in the bone marrow, secrete soluble immunoglobulins (antibodies) into the extracellular fluids. Each B cell is genetically programmed to express a surface receptor…

to medical involvement. Active means that an immune response occurred in an individual, including antibody production where passive occurs from the deliverance of preformed antibodies. 1. Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when an individual is exposed to a live pathogen of which enters the body by a natural route, such as an infection, and a primary immune response develops to produce antibodies against the antigen. As a result, memory cells are retained by the individual’s immune system…

cross-reactivity between a pair of correlating antigens actually exists. We needed ragweed antibodies for our lab tests so we purchased several vials of ragweed antigen and used one of these to produce rabbit antibodies at a collaborating lab. Rabbits are commonly used as a source of antibodies for lab tests because they can make the specific antibodies in high volumes of concentration that scientists need. To fulfill our antibody order, three rabbits were…

1. The immune system is a group of organs including your cells, proteins, and structure of the lymphatic and circulatory system that work together to keep the human body healthy. The immune’s system primary function is to protect all other organs systems from attack such as things like bacteria or prevent you from getting sick. Our body’s immune system includes three major parts. The first main defense of the immune system is known as barriers which is the first line of defense. Barriers…

To help destroy pathogens from the body, white blood cells ingest them which stops them from harming the host. The white blood cells can produce antibodies to eradicate the pathogens and can also release antitoxins to neutralize toxin levels. There are many different types of white blood cells, all with different functions but can be sorted into two main groups; phagocytes and lymphocytes. A Phagocyte…

Immunity Active immunity is acquired by the production of antibodies (humoral) against antigens, presented by pathogens. This can be categorised as either natural or acquired. The mode of natural methods was by direct contact with the pathogen and enduring the infection, leading to the antibody production by the immune system. This mode of immunity usually takes few days or weeks for initial response however lasts a lifelong. Along with antibody production, a memory of a portion of the antigen…