Antibody

that the concentration of the antibody in the antiserum is quantified using an enzyme-linked anti-immunoglobulin antibody also known as an ELISA. ii. Explain in your own words the following types of ELISAs: direct, indirect, capture or “sandwich”? - Direct ELISA: The direct ELISA is a more simple method, in addition to it being faster than other ELISA methods. It requires fewer steps and just one antibody to be able to detect the enzyme attached to the bound antibody through a substrate.…

From laboratory research and data, understanding is that the body’s immune system initiates an antibody response of IgM and IgG antibodies against the virus. Thus, serological or blood test and ELISA is use to diagnose the disease. These tests look for the presence of immunoglobulins. Reverse transcriptase PCR is use in labs for diagnosis because the virus is an alpha…

Grains were first introduced to the human diet about 10,000 years ago in Mesopotamia. In the second century AD, Aretaeus of Cappadocia described “koiliakos” a disease of the abdomen caused by nutrition. It wasn’t until 1888 in London that S.J. Gee fully described what we know as celiac disease today. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder marked by inflammation of the small intestine that affects genetically predisposed individuals across the world. The genetic predisposition occurs on HLA…

the same functions. The greater the difference between organisms means that there is more variance in the amino acid sequencing. However, proteins do most of the cell’s work and they also function as an immune antibody. The immune system consists of diverse cells and antibody molecules. Antibody is blood proteins that get activated when foreign organisms invade the body. They recognize certain antigens based on their epitope, which is usually five to eight amino acids long on the surface of the…

Rituximab, a chimeric human and murine monoclonal antibody, targets the CD20 antigen expressed on pre-B cells and mature B-lymphocytes [55]. The antibody was originally developed for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma [56]. Recently, it has been administered for treating different autoimmune disease. As rituximab is an IgG1 subclass antibody, it crosses the placenta, interfering with fetal and neonatal B cell development and could lead to immune deficiency and raise susceptibility to infections in…

According to Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM (2007, chapter 42), “They include fatigue, fever and General ill-feeling . Tests that may be done to diagnose an autoimmune disorder may include Anti-nuclear antibody tests.” The test measures the levels of blood antibodies that work against the individuals. The antinuclear antibodies (ANA) test can help recognized compromise in the body such as Rheumatoid arthritis. Another important auto immune disorder test is C-reactive protein (crp). This test recognizes…

The lymphatic system is a serious of ducts, nodes, nodules and lymph vessels among other structures and components that teams up to fight off bacteria and foreign substances that enter the body. The system is part of the immune system and it relies on various types white blood cells called lymphocytes that fight off bacteria, reduce inflammation, and respond to allergic reactions. The white blood cells are produced in the marrow of the bones beginning as stem cells. The stem cells…

enhance immune response. - The cells of the complement system are synthesized continuously by the cells of the liver and macrophages. These complement proteins bind to the surfaces of microorganism, specifically the ones that are already tagged by antibodies. Thus, they serve as a marker to indicate the presence of a pathogen to phagocytic cells (macrophages and B cells). Furthermore, through a process of opsonization, complement proteins enhance engulfment. During opsonization, certain…

antimicrobial peptides. These peptides regulate our immune response. The complement system helps to attract phagocytes. It also increases the phagocytosis process and causes cytolysis by creating MACs or Membrane Attack Complexes (MPITB 2014). Opsonins are antibodies made of protein that coat the bacteria and help the phagocyte attach to the microbe. This is called “opsonization” (MPITB 2014). Some bacteria can get past the complement process. The bacteria are armed with capsules, which help to…

products. Cross Matching is used to make sure that the specific donor blood that will be used during transfusion does not react with the patient's blood.The purpose of cross matching is to discover the existence of antibodies in the recipient against the red blood cells of the donor. The antibodies attach themselves to the red blood cells of the person donating, after transfusion. When doing a cross match there can be a few minor implications such as extra bleeding or bruising. When doing a…