RNA polymerase

would be to sequence the Mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA). Mitochondrial DNA is the most commonly used DNA to form phylogenetic trees. Human Mitochondrial DNA is about 16,500 bps in size and consists of 13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNAs (transfer RNA), and 2 rRNAs (ribosomal RNA) (Ingman, 2001). Mitochondrial DNA has many beneficial uses for DNA sequencing such as; its ability to be extracted from small…

performed with a LightCycler FastStart DNA Master SYBR Green I™ kit in a standard PCR reaction, as described by the manufacturer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim Germany). Each reaction contained 3 mM MgCl2, 1 µM of each primer (primers for Mamavirus polymerase, Marseillevirus capsid, or Sputnik ORF20; table 1), and 5 µl of template DNA in a 20-µl PCR mixture. The amplification started with an initial denaturation step at 95° for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°for 15s, 57° for 5s, and 72° for…

A colorimetric 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT, Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co.) assay was performed to measure the cell viability. Briefly, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of spermidine for 24 h or pretreated with spermidine for 1 h before stimulation with LPS for 24 h. After incubation, the medium was discarded, and MTT solution (5 mg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline, PBS) was added to each well and incubated for another 3 h at 37 °C. The…

2012). Methylation allows alternative splicing of genes (to be further discussed) because the methyl- group is able to select which exons will be used in the final transcription of genes. When methylation is inhibited, it increases the time DNA polymerase II has to elongate and it keeps the chromatin open longer. Increasing the elongation time, allows for more exons to be included in the transcription of genes. However, if hyper methylation takes place then it can silence a gene by not allowing…

What is the relationship between oral and gut microbiome and arthritis disease? The term microbiome or microbiota is defined by Joshua Lederberg (scientist worked in genetic microbiome); these organisms are found in the skin or mucus membrane. They have the ability to extract the necessary energy to stay live. The host utilizes them for digestion, production of nutrients, removal of toxins, attacks on pathogens and to strengthen the immune system (Scher and Abramson, 2011). The Human…

disease which was being treated. The key symptom of Ebola is haemorrhagic fever and the typical outcome of Ebola is 90% death. It’s transmitted via personal contact e.g. bodily fluid such as blood and saliva. 4. The company used a small interfering RNAs which hold the virus at bay until the immune system is able to take over. Tests in 4 rhesus monkeys showed that 7 daily injections cured 100% of the virus. 5. The main approach was a gene silencing approach that can save monkeys from high doses…

reproduce. Two different stages of development were found on the plate, adult, and larva, and 2-5 worms of each stage was collected in 2μl of diluted water. The adults C. elegans and larva C. elegans were put in their own centrifuge tube with 10μl RNA buffer (RB) and then spun for 5 seconds. Both tubes were intubated after at 65°C for 10 minutes and then at 85°C for 1 minutes. They were both spun for another 5 seconds, following that 2μl DNase stop was added to each and they were incubated for…

1. Introduction Lernaea infection is a major disease problem encountered in carp culture in the Indian subcontinent and has been reported from Indian major carps Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) , exotic carps silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and indigenous carps Labeo fimbriatus (Nandeesha et al., 1984, 1985; Tamuli and Shanbhouge, 1996; Zafar et al., 2001). The three Indian Major Carps viz., Catla, Rohu and…

EBOLA VIRUS According to a CDC article on 10/03/2014, Ebola was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since then, outbreaks have appeared in Africa and even reached other continents such as Europe and America. Ebola, previously known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the Ebola virus strains. The virus can cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates such as monkeys, gorillas and…

The discovery of deoxyribonucleic acid, also known as DNA, was a ground breaking discovery for the scientific community. Its discovery made ground breaking impacts that would only prove to be more detrimental to society with time. On top of the high prominence in the scientific field, the discovery would also go on over to make waves in the criminal justice field as well. The discovery of deoxyribonucleic acid was not a discovery made by any one given person, but was instead a collaborative…