RNA polymerase

peptidoglycan synthesis through multiple methods. It can limit transpeptidation reactions and peptidogylocan polymerase reactions by complexing with D-anayl-D-alanine at the critical peptide precursor unit attachment sites (Wilhelm and Estes, 1999), which structurally weakens the peptidoglycan cell wall and leads to osmotic lysing (Roper et al., 2000). Furthermore, vancomycin can impairing RNA synthesis by way of altered cytoplasmic membrane permeability (Wilhelm and Estes,…

Proteins procedure. As the result, the E.coli that had been injected pFluoroGreen and pFluoroBlue will be survived in the Ampicillin environment, and they can express the fluorescent characteristic supporting by the IPTG, which helps to release the RNA polymerase (T7). The results also shows that the transformation efficiency rate of the class…

GENE REGULATION There are several different levels at which a gene’s function can be controlled: at the level of chromatin, transcription, RNA-processing, translation, and even post- translationally. There are evolutionarily relevant reasons that might explain the levels at which different genes are controlled. (3 points each) For each of the following scenarios, indicate which level of gene control you might expect a cell to use and a brief statement of why this type of control makes the most…

observed when experiments are performed at different times. Example causes often include changes in environment, such as temperature and humidity. This effect is most pronounced in RNA due to its lack of stability during common sequencing manipulations such as poly-A tail selection or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. To limit batch effect, procedures were performed in sequence until cDNA was produced and samples were frozen only when a stopping point was indicated in within the…

of HIV from mother to child during birth. Zidovudine was approved by the Food Drug and Administration on 20 March 1987. It is an analogue of thymidine. Zidovudine inhibits the activity of reverse transcriptase, an enzyme of HIV, which converts HIV RNA into viral DNA. NRTIs interrupts reverse transcription, hence it prevents HIV from multiplying and prevents HIV infecting human cells. This drug is always used in combination with other HIV medicines. Zidovudine is available in the name of Retrovir…

DNA organization within cells is a complex and sophisticated process. This high level of complexity is due to the hundreds of thousands of interactions that can be enabled through organization. It is a known that promoter elements and enhancer elements work in unison to regulate gene expression. Often times enhancers are found hundreds of kilo-bases away from their interacting promoter elements. These enhancers initiate promoter activation via interactions amongst transcription factor binding…

Introduction Clinical laboratories have relied historically on phenotypic methods (i.e. culture and biochemical tests) to identify microorganisms. This can be time consuming task especially with slow growing organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Molecular methods are now well established in the diagnosis of infectious disease. . (Harwood 2012). For the purpose of this essay I will give a brief overview of both traditional and molecular methods that re used today. I will focus on the pros…

First encountered in African monkeys by biomedical scientists in 1967, the Ebola virus, part of the negative-stranded RNA viruses, known as filoviridae, according to the journal of infectious diseases, is the only known virus family in which scientists have profound ignorance . Specifically speaking, scientists are not aware of the tactics active in the nature of the virus’ agents, their pathogenesis, and virology . However, during the 2014 epidemic—which killed more than 9,600 people and caused…

discovery, was the UV mutations in the bacterial genome. UV light is an extremely high-energy particle, and extended exposure to concentrated amounts of this light can cause an error in base pair reading by RNA polymerase due to thymine dimers. These thymine dimers cause the normally linear reading polymerase to perceive the DNA as a bubble; either passing it entirely, or just coding the complementary strand incorrectly. The longer the exposure to UV light, the more inconsistencies in the…

Eubacteria best live in moderate temperatures, low salts and where there is a plethora of sunlight or organic compounds (Ladiges, 2010). The main differentiating structure of eubacteria is that it has peptidoglycan in its cell walls, has one RNA polymerase and has the ability to form spores that can live many years but remain inactive until its environment is just right for it to activate itself. They are similar to eukaryotes in that they also have ester linked lipids, may photosynthesise using…