Plasmid

material is given t produce a small amount of cells in order to create the introduced gene products (Scuderi, “What Are DNA Vaccines?”). The DNA platform is has shown to be a safer and more stable than the current conventional vaccine approaches. Plasmids are not alive and non-replicating, which gives a small risk of catching the disease (Plotkin, "Clinical Applications of DNA Vaccines: Current…

Title: Construction of FATTY ACID DESATURASE 2 (FAD2) gene knockouts using RNAi novel technique in the model plant Thlaspi arvense. Abstract: FATTY ACID DESATURASE 2 and FATTYU ACID ELONGASE 1 (FAE1) are the two genes of interest present in the plant pennycress. FAD2 is in the pathway that synthesizes the polyunsaturated linoleic (18:2) and linoleic (18:3) fatty acids from the monounsaturated oleic acid (18:1). Polyunsaturated fatty acids are undesirable in biodiesel because they confer…

Introduction Antibiotics has changed modern medicine into what we know today, saving many lives and alleviating the suffering of individuals [1]. Around the 1940s, the use of penicillin and streptomycin effectively controlled the prevalence of bacterial infections, dramatically improving life expectancy [2]. However, antibiotic resistance started to evolve and there is a constant demand for the development of new compounds as the lifespan of pre-existing antibiotics is significantly reduced [3]…

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hemophilia affects 1 in 5,000 male births which factor out to be about 400 babies born with hemophilia each year [3]. Hemophilia is classified as one of the oldest and longest lifelong bleeding disorders that are inherited, meaning passed down from parents to their children. This disorder occurs when the protein in the blood or platelets that assists the blood to clot is absent or not functioning properly, resulting in extended bleeding…

Determining the Amount of Protein in Each Homogenate: Hepa-1 cells were infected with many EYFP expression plasmids that had be previously homogenized and denatured in Laemmli buffer. The protein samples were diluted to a concentration of 1μg/μl. The different tubes are labeled as follows: GOL for golgi, TUB for tubulin, ACT for actin, MIT for mitochondria, and HEP for non-transfected Hepa-1 cells. SDS-PAGE: A gel was obtained, then while wearing gloves the package was cut open and gel was…

Prokaryotic organisms have existed for billions of years. These prokaryotic cells have gone through enough environmental changes to learn how to adapt quickly. As small organisms that reproduce rapidly, bacteria cells are the most abundant organisms on earth and the most important. Gram staining is used by scientists to help identify and classify bacteria due to the fact that it is difficult to discern unstained bacteria through light microscopes (1). Since bacteria are small organisms that are…

When dog owners identify an interesting trait in a dog, Some owners would breed that in hope that the trait would be passed on. After many times of this situation happening, (especially where two dogs with the same trait are bred with each other) traits become fixed. If you can understand the genetics, you can start to predict on what you will see in a crossbreed. As of now there are over four hundred breeds of dogs and all are maintained as pure-bred stocks through selective breeding, which…

The discovery of antibiotics greatly transformed medicine and has impacted humans as well as animals. These drugs are able to target infections that are caused by bacteria. There was a time in history when doctors would prescribe patients antibiotics for just a simple fever. For many decades now the use of antibiotics has been abused in agricultural practices, livestock, and humans. Studies have proven that the use of antibiotics has given rise to bacterial resistance. Physicians are now…

There are different forms and views of genetic engineering along with some pros and cons about the use of genetic engineering. The importance of genetic engineering is to find ways to make things better and to explore new things. Genetic engineering is basically tampering with the arrangement of amino acids in dna to change it or make something new. Interesting fact is that eighty percent of dna in a human body is unknown. The pros of genetic engineering are the agricultural growth and…

patients such as the elderly. The diagnosis of E. coli found in an elderly woman, Doris, makes sense especially with someone who has a history of UTI and kidney infections. Additionally, this species can acquire virulence factors encoded on their plasmids or in bacteriophage DNA, causing some strains to have enhanced virulence. E. coli 0157:H7 is a particularly virulent strain that has been linked with multiple kinds of contaminated food and has caused many deaths². This strain of E. coli forms…