Plasmid

What are chloroplasts, where did they come from and what are they good for? We all know that chloroplasts are the site for photosynthesis in plants and what makes plants autotrophic. It allows the plant to be known as the ‘producer’ in a food chain. Being such an essential part of the plant cell, the question arises, where exactly did it come from in the first place: has it been a part of the plant cell since the beginning of time or did it evolve from some other species, and how is it able to…

Microbiology is the study of small organisms and or non living particles that are unseen to the naked eye. The microbes range from bacteria, to protozoa, parasites to virus. After studying them, scientists are able to identify various illnesses that are associated with microbes. These microbes are either directly or indirectly involved in most diseases. These in retrospect to their names cause bacterial infections, parasitical infections, fungal infections and viral infections. However, although…

hours after introduction to new conditions compared to pch2, which does not show a significant change in expression at any time interval or potassium level (Short, et al. 2016). Despite similarities between the pch proteins, pch1 originates on a plasmid within Har. marismortui, and pch2 is chromosomal, these differences, as well as the figure B low potassium expression data point to pch1 and pch2 playing different roles in Har. marismortui, details of their roles are unknown at present.…

from planet Earth around 4 billion years. One of the most simple and primitive cells, the E. coli cell, is still vastly complex with a detailed structure. An E. coli cell must contain a capsule, a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmid, pili, bacterial flagellum as well as a nucleoid. The idea that one of the most primitive cells on Earth appeared spontaneously from inert chemicals out of chance opposed to the idea of the creation of a primitive yet complex cell from a higher…

E. Coli Disease Research Analysis When we eat out or consume food we often don 't consider that there may be a risk of contracting illnesses and diseases. As consumers though, we should give this consideration as it’s a very real possibility. Escherichia coli is a natural anaerobic bacteria found in the intestines of animals and humans. However, there are other forms of this bacteria that can cause infections and disease (Laupland et al., 2008).The infectious bacteria can become a food borne…

In science fiction, there is a special type of genre that primarily seeks to manipulate and mislead the person experiencing the story. These tales, whatever their medium, subtly influence their target to begin thinking about the world depicted in a way that may not be entirely accurate. Of course, stories like these can never be advertised as such; few things take away from a story more than knowing a plot twist is coming and trying to identify it. Books and movies have been working on…

Anthony D. Harris, Associate Professor of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine at The University of Maryland, antibiotic resistance can occur in multiple ways, but the most common is the incorporation of foreign DNA into the bacteria 's plasmid, a small, circular, easily manipulated strand of DNA (“Antibiotic Resistance” par. 1). Bacteria utilize foreign DNA to become not only resistant to a single antibiotic but also to a group of chemically similar antibiotics. The more hardy strains of…

The T cells are a type of white cells, which are important to the immune system, and contain a system that adjusts the body’s reaction to specific pathogens, this being the center of its adaptive immunity. T cells are like soldiers who search out and destroy the targeted invaders. T cells can be compared to soilders, they search out and demolish intruders. There has been a literature attention on the function of the administration in cancer immunity in T-Cells. The T cells are now known to take…

Genome-Wide Mapping of in Vivo Protein-DNA Interactions Vast knowledge is available on transcription factor binding. Unfortunately, not much is known about the structure and function of complete DNA interactomes. Even less is known about organisms with larger genomes. Presently mouse, human, and other large genomes have been sequenced. Thus, it is feasible to quantify how transcription factors are carried along a whole genome for various cells in physiological conditions. If measurements are…

n 1910 Citrus Canker was introduced to the United States on trifoliate rootstock seedlings that were imported Japan. The disease spread rapidly around the Gulf Coast. Starting in Texas, it made it’s way east to Florida, then north to South Carolina. The pathogen, Xanthomonas axonopodis has two pathovars known to cause Canker; one being citri, and the other being aurantifolii. These can affect all citrus cultivars and even some citrus relatives. This bacterium is not known to be harmful to humans…