Plasmid

HUMAN CLONING: PROS AND CONS OF REPRODUCTIVE CLONING Cloning is the process of creating identical cells, genes, organs or even organisms through asexual reproduction. It has been a common practice of mankind for a long time. It has becomes the debatable issue since it was used to clone animals around 40-50 years ago. Human cloning has created an offense toward ethical issue of human right. According to Yadav and Sharma (2011), the person who promoted human cloning must convince others and show…

achieved the impossible; they inserted viral DNA into bacterial DNA. When this happened it was groundbreaking and soon led to the the ability for scientists to manipulate gene sequences in DNA. E. Coli was the bacteria that was first used to accept the plasmid known as pSC101 which was resistant to certain antibiotics (Genetics and Genomics Timeline). After repetition of this new process they decided to use the genes from the Xenopus laevis toad into E. Coli bacteria. They saw that the bacteria…

survivors, bacteria that has withstood the previous six days of treatment increase the variation of species in the body, making it more difficult to fight off the infection. If these two new species breed via sexual reproduction, the transfer of the plasmids mixes the genetic material of the two types, creating a new strain of the bacteria, carrying the resistance gene for the antibiotics the originals…

negative rod shaped bacteria classified as coccobacillus. A coccobacillus has short rods that may be confused for a cocci shape. Y. Pestis is a nonmotile, nonsporulating, facultative anaerobe. The bacteria settles in the midgut of a flea and its plasmid is phospholipase D lined membrane allows the bacteria to survive among the digestive and intestinal juices. When the bacteria reproduces in the gut it forms a mass in the stomach going up into the esophagus, essentially blocking its…

Introduction - A tumor metastasis, which is a buildup of secondary malignant growths at a distance from the primary site of cancer requires chains of biological steps, which would allow a tumor cell to attain the ability to invade surroundings and to survive outside the original tumor site. During the first stages of cancer, the cells undergo an epithelial mesenchymal transition otherwise known as EMT. The mesenchymal cells participate in tissue repair and pathological processes. An EMT is a…

Papillomaviruses are thought to have two methods of replication: • Stable replication of the episomal genome in basal cells • Runaway, or vegetative, replication in more differentiated cells to generate progeny virus. “Viral multiplication is confined to the nucleus. Consequently, infected cells exhibit a high degree of nuclear atopia. Koilocytosis (from Greek koilos “empty”) describes a combination of perinuclear clearing (halo) with a pyknotic or shrunken (raisinoid) nucleus and is a…

INTRODUCTION: Liposomes vesicles were prepared in the early years of their history from various lipid classes identical to those present in most biological membranes. liposomes were discovered in the mid of 1960’s and originally studied as cell membrane model Paul Ehrlich coined the term “magic bullet” in 20th century where carrier system was proposed to simply carry the drug to its of action and releasing its selectively while non – target sits should absolutely be example from drug effect.1-4…

RESEARCH STRATEGY (a) Significance. Yersinia pestis (Yp) is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of plague. Yp is a Category A agent defined by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) as a pathogen that is high risk to public health and national security. A long term goal of NIAID is to explore the host-pathogen interaction and host response to infection with Yp, and to identify and characterize immune responses after exposure to Yp (1).…

Abstract: Serratia marcescens, which two decades ago was considered a harmless bacterium, is causing infections that are becoming progressively difficult to treat with antibiotics. These bacteria have grown resistant to certain antibiotics and in this experiment, we tested how S. marcescens reacted to 6 different antibiotics. My colleagues and I swabbed a mixture of nutrient broth and Serratia marcescens onto an agar plate containing 6 antibiotic tablets and let the plate sit for a week. We then…

cells make up most of the life on this planet, and vary widely in function, while still sharing some similarities. Prokaryotic cells, although simpler and smaller, make up most life. A nucleoid region contains a loop of nucleic acids known as a DNA plasmid. Prokaryotic cells contain simplified ribosomes which free float in cytoplasm all bound by a cell membrane and wall. Eukaryotes, on the other hand, contain complex double membraned organelles, complex DNA (arranged on chromosomes), and a…