Plasmid

an evolutionary change has presented itself on the antibiotic plates due to the original bacteria being susceptible to it. With the bacteria having a short generation time of 45 minutes, the chances that a mutation would arise with the resistant plasmid was highly likely. Through conjugation the bacteria would then be able to spread the positive mutation to the other bacteria and that would then increase the overall survival rate. This is also an example of how the DNA code of the gene…

GM crops is a very controversial topic that is being discussed around the world. GM crops are plants that have been genetically altered in order to become more efficient. Having food is very important to human life. We are being presented with an opportunity to improve our health and lives through genetically modified crops. They not only provide a substantial amount of nutrition, they can help us create vaccines, they make it easier to to care of the crops, and they can be improved to create…

Biology is a huge subject with many sub branches, application and tools that have helped in the improvement of humanity. One of the many Biology branches, that is currently helping in medicine and other areas related to health, and biology, is the Bioinformatics. The way it is doing it is by improvement and be able to sequencing DNA (genome). Bioinformatics can be describes as a science tool in which use computer technology to analyze, collect, “storage, and retrieval of genomic data” (American…

A cell is the lowest level or organisation that can perform all activities required for life and is capable of independent reproduction, unlike a virus which is not a cell because it cannot independently reproduce and requires a host cell to do so. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are types of cell but vary in terms of structure. A prokaryotic cell is a cell which lacks a defined nucleus, meaning there is a nucleoid which is not bounded by a membrane. Prokaryotes and usually unicellular, but…

The field of medicine although obtained remarkable progress in recent decades, infectious illnesses triggered by pathogenic harmful bacteria are still an important risk to public wellness globally (1). Great attention has been paid to the anti-microbial level of resistance due to deaths and death rate from illnesses triggered by proof bacteria(2). Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacteria that can cause different kinds of medical care associated attacks, such as pneumonia, bladder…

cells are removed and cultured with the therapeutic gene, now these cells are genetically altered happens outside the body and reintroduced into the body to produce desired proteins. In vivo is where the therapeutic gene is inserted into viral DNA/plasmid DNA, this is genetically and altered and inserted directly into the DNA of cell of the body through tissue injections. Although gene editing and human gene therapy has many benefits it has it ethical issues. One of the main issues is that the…

Recently, the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has re-emerged on a global scale. Thankfully, it is not the result of a mass pandemic, but the result of the United Nations issuing a statement that “Antimicrobial resistance poses a fundamental threat to human health, development, and security…” The statements underlies what scientists and medical professionals have been saying for years; that AMR is a serious threat facing the entire world. Since humans first used antimicrobials to treat…

Finally, human error and DNA contamination is a huge concern for ALL free individual’s DNA. Eric Lander in 1990 founded a new center for Genome research at Whitehead, as well as, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Eric Lander has been an expert advisor for the defense on many cases. From Lander’s first hand personal experiences as an expert witness on various court cases, he felt compelled to express his observations of the flaws with DNA fingerprinting identification. Lander’s…

GENERAL INTRODUCTION One of the most controversial medical issues the United States is currently facing is the argument over whether to get vaccinated or not. This is mainly because most people do not understand how vaccines work, and how they can be safe but still effective. Vaccines allow the vaccinated to build immunity to the particular disease by introducing the body to the antigen, so it can be attacked, and through the immune response system gain antibodies that can recognize the antigen…

Retinitis Pigmentosa is an inherited retinal disease with progressive degeneration of the photoreceptors, leading sometimes to blindness, it is well characterized by its heterogeneous genetics. The first signs can be observed in adolescence or early adulthood including night blindness and progressive loss of peripheral vision in daylight, eventually concluding in severe visual impairment, may be inherited as X-linked, autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive. Many genes had been involved with…