Plasmid

organism that is genetically identical to the parent. Two examples of things that can be cloned are genes and animals. For genes, a gene is taken from one organism and enters a carrier called a vector, which can be bacteria, yeast cells, viruses, or plasmids. The vector is then placed in laboratory conditions which makes it multiply, resulting in the gene being copied many times over, or cloned. For animals, a mature somatic cell is taken from the animal that they wish to clone. The somatic…

then is a bacteria? Is a microscopic living one cell organism, consisting of a cytoplasm enclosed in a cell membrane and cell wall, the DNA contains DNA, in their chromosome, yes bacteria only have one chromosome with smaller DNA elements known as plasmids; they also contains ribosomes in the cytoplasm which main responsibility is to be involved in the protein…

sequencing genes : the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). How do Sanger technique and NGS work ? What are their applications? Sanger sequencing The Sanger technique is based on the replication of DNA. The unknown sequence is inserted in a replication plasmid then it is cloned by E. coli (Escherichia…

The growing problem of antibiotic resistance is becoming clear in India, where 58,000 babies have died from infections that could not be cured with antibiotics (Harris, 2014). Adults are susceptible to these antibiotic resistant illnesses as well, 45 year-old singer Uppalapu Shrinivas died after contracting an infection (Harris, 2014). However, babies are at a greater risk because their immune systems are not as strong as an adults (Harris, 2014). One of the infants that died due to a resistant…

1. What are proinsulin and insulin? How different is proinsulin from insulin? A: Insulin is a polypeptide hormone, protein, that is produced by the beta-cells of the pancreas. Proinsulin is a single peptide chain that is a precursor to insulin. It is produced by the beta-cells of the pancreas as well. The structure of proinsulin differs from insulin in that it contains a C-chain that forms a single peptide chain with other chains A and B. Insulin does not contain the C-chain and the A and B…

Classification Escherichia coli is a bacterium that is mostly found in humans and other animals. It is a unicellular micro-organism, making its Domain and Kingdom Bacteria. E. coli’s Phylum is Proteobacteria because it is a gram-negative bacterium. It is also in the Phylum Proteobacteria because of the lipopolysaccharides that protect the cell membrane. E. coli is a facultative anaerobic G- bacterium, making its Class Gamma Proteobacteria. Because of its rod-shape, E. coli’s Order is…

The naked mole rat and the blind mole rat have developed unique anti-cancer mechanisms compared to other mammals. Mammals typically have several methods, such as inducing apoptosis, releasing cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (bound to CDK complexes) which signal cells to stop within a stage of the cell cycle, and contact inhibition in which cells stop growing once they make contact with each other. These mole rats’ distinct mechanisms modify contact inhibition and apoptosis to achieve the…

5.2 Discussion 5.2.1 Comparison of the results from AFM and optical tweezers experiments 5.2.1.1 Different unfolding behaviors in AFM and optical tweezers experiments In chapter 3, we have studied AFV3-109 using single-molecule AFM. The results from optical tweezers are contradictory to the results from AFM. First, the unfolding force obtained by optical tweezers is much smaller than the force obtained by AFM. More importantly, in our previous study using AFM, the unfolding of AFV3-109 occurs in…

In science, cloning is defined as the processes used to create copies of fragments of DNA, cells or organisms. Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. A clone is an organism that has generally identical genetic composition to another organism. Cloning could happen artificially, which is done in a lab or naturally, which is the case in identical twins. Cloning is broken down into three different types: gene cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning.…

Write neatly and legibly. Copyright reserved Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 3 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 SECTION A QUESTION 1 1.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the correct answer and write only the letter (A – D) next to the question number (1.1.1 – 1.1.6) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.1.7 D. 1.1.1 The process in which male gametes are formed in humans is called … A B C D 1.1.2 When the first…