Plasmid

were developed including viruses, plasmids, and minicircle DNA. These vectors are engineered to contain the therapeutic genes. Viral vectors hold the advantage of a higher transfection profile as well as the ability to target certain cells. However, viral vectors are limited by the amount of genes they can carry, in vivo immune response, and safety concerns. Most gene therapy cases have employed viral vectors despite their drawbacks. On the other hand, plasmids can carry larger genes but has a…

2005; Haas and Gilmore, 1999). 2.2 Gelatinase: Gelatinase is a metalloproteinase with zinc as its cofactor for enzymatic action and encoded by non-plasmid potential virulent gelE gene and possesses hydrolytic activity (Lindenstrau et al., 2011). Gelatinase also be produced by various cells of mammalian system such as epithelial cells, inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, osteoclasts, etc. and host gelatinase…

How was this experiment done? sp15-300 and taf25-300 mutants 6% ethanol and glucose concentrations for 20 hours and the improvement in growth rate was quantified and compared with yeast strains with wild-type plasmids of SPT15 and TAF15. c. What were the results for the experiment? spt15-300 mutants had higher growth yields than the control, some as high as 13x spt15-300 had better growth than taf-300 mutants, which did not grow in 6% ethanol media In absence…

Gel electrophoresis allows the products of the PCR reactions to be analyzed in order to determine the identity of the tetracycline resistance plasmid. First, in order to see the DNA fragments, move across the gel, add 2 uL of bromopenol blue tracking dye to each of the tubes. In the first well add 10 uL of the PCR DNA ladder as a comparison. Carefully load 15 uL from each of the samples into…

Andrew Wittman Biology 152 Lab Section 409 3/23/2015 PURIFICATION OF SPERM WHALE APOMYOGLOBIN AND THE ORIGIN OF ITS HELICAL FOLD Abstract The purpose of this research is to understand how secondary structures of a protein, in this case sperm whale apomyoglobin, affect the denatured state of that protein. The scientific community has been working under the impression that once denatured by urea, a protein loses all of its secondary structure. In this research the effect that apomyoglobin’s…

single flagellum and commonly forms biofilms which contain several B. subtilis all traveling in the same direction (1). It has a circular DNA chromosome that contains 4,185 protein sequences, with a total of 4,215,606 base pairs, and no additional plasmids (2). B. subtilis can form endospores that provide some heat, chemical, and radiation resistance to the bacterium, and these spores…

Introduction The word biotechnology refers to a combination of biology and technology. A commonly used biotechnology technique used today is genetic engineering also known as genetic modified (GMO). Genetic engineering is when new DNA is added to an already existing organism. In this paper, I will be discussing how foods are genetically engineered. Genetically engineered foods are foods that DNA has been changed in a way that does not happen normally. These products are used by varies type of…

Purpose statement To see how cells become competent in order to observe gene transfer, for competency plays a key role in order for transformation to take place. Transformation Transformation is a process which involves the change in a bacterial cells genetic makeup due to the uptake of exogenous DNA (Lorenz and Wackernagel, 1994). This process can happen in two different ways, either naturally or artificially. Natural Natural transformation is the bacteria’s ability to acquire naked DNA that…

I stepped into the AP biology classroom for the second time that day. It was just after school had ended around 4 in the afternoon, and my classmates and I had filed back into the room to start the task of completing the first lab of the year. We had all participated in the regional science fair, so we were all reasonably acquainted with the scientific method, making this lab setting something of relative normality to us. Despite this prior exposure to a lab type setting, this was different.…

Problem People with diabetes who cannot make their own insulin. Making synthetic insulin for these patients due to allergic reactions from animal insulin such as from pigs. Introduction The pancreas produces several hormones which balance the sugar (glucose) and salt levels inside the body. One of these hormones produced by specialized cells (beta cells) is called insulin (a small protein). Insulin aids in the transport of glucose into the cells for use of energy. When too much glucose…