Plasmid

Genetically modified organisms, better known as GMOs, have been a controversial topic that has caused an uproar among the population. The researcher’s interest pertaining to this topic was peaked approximately one year ago during a biotechnology lecture. Throughout this lecture Mrs. Rausch, a former biotechnologist, explained the fundamental concepts and processes of making genetically modified organisms. Not only has this lecture shaped the researcher’s bias, but his extensive research for…

control, A. thaliana was supplied. PCR was then utilized in two rounds with the second using nested PCR. Next, the PCR results were analyzed, and the PCR was purified. Following this step, the PCR product was ligated into a plasmid vector and bacteria was transformed. Next the plasmid had to be isolated from the bacteria and this allowed for sequencing of the DNA (Bio Rad 2017). The ultimate goal of this study was to determine the gene sequence of both Brassica Oleracea, var capitate and…

E. faecalis is a gram positive bacterium, which is among the most antibiotic resistant bacteria. Containing many natural antibiotic resistances, it has acquired immunities transferred in r-plasmids among unrestrained bacteria. Since over a quarter of its genome is exogenously attained, this leads to its resistance to the strongest antibiotics or sometimes all antibiotics. This is a large concern in hospital environments and with people with low immune systems since they are more susceptible to…

Human Manipulations of Genetic Transfer and its Biological Implications For years, humans have been able to manipulate the alleles in animals for favourable traits through the use of selective breeding. But, now that technology has become so advanced, humans have developed a new process of manipulating the gene transfer through transgenesis, where scientists can create new alleles in animals. This essay shows how the selective breeding method and transgenesis method are carried out on the…

and complementary nucleic acid hybridization. The goal of the PCR is to produce required amount of the target DNA region that is be analyzed. PCR amplified DNA is sent for sequencing and visualized by gel electrophoresis. It also can be cloned into plasmids. PCR is used in many fields of medicine, molecular biology research, medical diagnostics, and ecology. It is fast and inexpensive technique used to amplify DNA and RNA fragments by 107 times. The polymerase chain reaction was…

genetic materials in a small portion of cell’s cytoplasm known as nucleoid. Almost entire prokaryotic genome is contained in a single circular DNA strand that is supercoiled. Some additional genes are located on an independent small, circular or linear plasmids which coding for extra properties likes antibiotic resistance (Brown, 2002). Typically, prokaryotes lack of genetic organization compared to eukaryotes. So, they own a special feature in which most of the genes are arranged as families or…

1. Introduction Antimicrobials have proved to be one of the most successful medicinal discoveries in history, principally because they have turned bacterial infections which were once the leading cause of death, into controllable conditions.[1, 2] These molecules inhibit the reproduction, prevent vital processes occurring, or destroy the bacterial cell wall to aid in fighting infectious diseases.[3, 4] Antimicrobial therapy is one of the foundation stones of modern medicine, and without…

Unknown Organism Report I have identified my Unknown Organism #1 as Escherichia coli, or E. coli. My Unknown Organism is an anaerobic gram-negative, unicellular eubacteria. It belongs to the genus Escherichia, which is named after Theodor Escherich, a German pediatrician. E. coli is usually found in the colon of mammals, explaining the name “coli” meaning from the colon. It’s classified in the order of enterobacteriales, and the family of enterobacteriaceae. It is the most abundant bacteria in…

The main objective of this paper by Ando et al. was to explore the nature of association between the protein MEF/ELF4 and the nucleophosmin, NPM1, along with its implications with regards to leukemogenesis; the mutant version of the latter has been commonly associated with leukemia. MEF/ELF4 is part of a family of transcriptional factors (ETS) responsible for numerous cellular functions, such as genomic stability, DNA repair, and most importantly, the regulation of cell proliferation,…

The wide field of biochemistry includes exploration in the use of gene therapy for the treatment of cancers such as lung cancer. Though gene therapy is still in early stages of development, many researchers have concluded that gene therapy in therapeutic cancer treatment seems to be very effective and efficient. Gene therapy is the replacement of defective genes to enable the production of normally functioning genes. This replacement of genes is an adolescent and risky procedure and is often…