Problem
People with diabetes who cannot make their own insulin. Making synthetic insulin for these patients due to allergic reactions from animal insulin such as from pigs.
Introduction
The pancreas produces several hormones which balance the sugar (glucose) and salt levels inside the body. One of these hormones produced by specialized cells (beta cells) is called insulin (a small protein). Insulin aids in the transport of glucose into the cells for use of energy. When too much glucose is present in the blood, the pancreas releases insulin to keep the levels down to a normal range. Without insulin the glucose level rises and many complications can arise from this. The medical condition where insulin is not produced, produced to a minimum, or …show more content…
The beta cells are the ones which secret the protein insulin along with c-peptide, and amyloid polypeptide. The structure of insulin is made up of an A chain and B chain held together by 2 disulfide bonds, A chain being smaller than the B chain. In the cytoplasm of the beta cell, the m-RNA will be translated by a ribosome which will synthesize the polypeptide, coded by the m-RNA. Prepoinsulin is the first polypeptide made in the synthesis. While prepoinsulin is being made, the translation is paused due to a protein (signal recognition particle) in the cytoplasm. This signal recognition particle (SRP) binds to a signal sequence at the end of the prepoinsulin that will bind to signal recognition particle receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Once joined to the SRP receptor, the signal sequence is transferred to the translocon (lipid bilayer of the ER that helps proteins get through the ER from the cytoplasm). The ribosome will continue the translation and fully synthesize the protein "prepoinsulin". This polypeptide will fold up and an enzyme (protease) will cut in between the A chain
People with diabetes who cannot make their own insulin. Making synthetic insulin for these patients due to allergic reactions from animal insulin such as from pigs.
Introduction
The pancreas produces several hormones which balance the sugar (glucose) and salt levels inside the body. One of these hormones produced by specialized cells (beta cells) is called insulin (a small protein). Insulin aids in the transport of glucose into the cells for use of energy. When too much glucose is present in the blood, the pancreas releases insulin to keep the levels down to a normal range. Without insulin the glucose level rises and many complications can arise from this. The medical condition where insulin is not produced, produced to a minimum, or …show more content…
The beta cells are the ones which secret the protein insulin along with c-peptide, and amyloid polypeptide. The structure of insulin is made up of an A chain and B chain held together by 2 disulfide bonds, A chain being smaller than the B chain. In the cytoplasm of the beta cell, the m-RNA will be translated by a ribosome which will synthesize the polypeptide, coded by the m-RNA. Prepoinsulin is the first polypeptide made in the synthesis. While prepoinsulin is being made, the translation is paused due to a protein (signal recognition particle) in the cytoplasm. This signal recognition particle (SRP) binds to a signal sequence at the end of the prepoinsulin that will bind to signal recognition particle receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Once joined to the SRP receptor, the signal sequence is transferred to the translocon (lipid bilayer of the ER that helps proteins get through the ER from the cytoplasm). The ribosome will continue the translation and fully synthesize the protein "prepoinsulin". This polypeptide will fold up and an enzyme (protease) will cut in between the A chain