Plasmid

the pRIL plasmid which provides extra genes for specific tRNAs for Arg, Ile, and Leu – AGG/AGA, AUA, and CUA, respectively. A second strain of Codon-PlusTM, CodonPlus-RP, provides extra genes for Arg as well as Pro (CCC). To achieve high-level expression of the desired genes, the cDNAs can be subcloned into an expression vector of the plasmids to produce His-10-tagged fusion proteins in engineered E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Rosetta strains work in slightly the same way. They are plasmids that…

Importance of Microbes Introduction It was long ago when Man realized that, along with animals and plants, he was also accompanied by some other organisms as well, and though which remained hidden from his eyes. Those organisms were unveiled by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, who first saw the tiny organisms which accompanied Man through the lenses of microscope. Later it was found out that microorganisms inhabited each and every surface of earth, on man himself, or even inside him, resided under the…

Bacterial plasmid is circular DNA found in bacteria separate of its complete DNA in the nucleoide. It contains a multiple cloning site where the gene of interest is inserted in order to be expressed in transformed cells, an origin of replication and a selectable marker usually an antibiotic resistance gene which is used to select successfully transformed cells (Chin, n.d.). Mini-circle DNA is a smaller circular DNA excised from bacterial plasmid, contains promoter and reporter…

is where the pili and plasmid are put into play. Each bacterial cell needs to have a specific and specialized plasmid and pili. The process starts by the one specialized pilus connecting with bacteria that does not have a specialized pilus. This connection is called a conjugation bridge. This how the genetic material is transferred between two cells of bacteria. The plasmid then makes a copy of itself and the copy is then transferred to the bacteria receiving the new plasmid. The pili then…

Involving the use of living organisms like bacteria in industrial processes due to their natural metabolic capabilities are known as biotechnology. They are used a several ways such as manufacturing of foods, cosmetic products and production of antibiotics, probiotics, drugs, vaccines, insecticides, and enzymes. In addition, they are also being widely used in the genetic engineering. Nowadays, bacteria are commonly used in the food industry for the manufacture of dairy products such as cheese,…

The result from the transformation process showed no colony growth on the agar plate, which means no plasmid DNA got inserted into the vector (Table 1). Thus, the transformation was considered unsuccessful. With that being said, the gene was not transferred among the bacterial cells. The reason could have been that the agar plate had a strong concentration of antimicrobial drug, so the bacteria may have been unable to grow under such condition. Another reason could be that the cell did not get…

The results show that the protein derived from the Drosophila cDNA sequence and the human protein share the same domain, also, there is a high degree of homology between the two proteins. Therefore, the Drosophila Melanogaster plasmid DNA sequence codes for a protein that has a human homologous involved in human physiology. Researchers are still investigating the function of my protein in Drosophila Melanogaster. However, the function of the homologous protein in human is pretty clear. Indeed,…

Semi-quantitative PCR analysis of CHOP splicing variants in plasmids and liver tissues, and CHOP exon arrangements. (A) CHOP1 mRNA contains four exons, whereas CHOP2 mRNA lacks the second exon of CHOP1. The 5 '-leader of CHOP is encoded within the first and second exons, while the coding sequence is encoded within the third and fourth exons of CHOP. (B) As expected, CHOP1 primers amplified CHOP1 transcripts at the size of 214 bp in the CHOP1 plasmid template containing the full sequence of…

growth under various conditions including the transformation of bacteria; to understand how the process of transformation occurs, as well as the biological results and consequences that come of transformation. In order to correctly perform this lab, plasmids, agar plates, Escherichia coli colonies, as well as incubation periods were used. The data that was collected was completely opposite than what the actual outcome should have been. Yes there was growth in the agar plates however there was…

applications of PCR. PCR effectively amplifies a target DNA sequence to produce millions of copies. This can be used to produce plasmids for genetic transformations. The target gene can be cloned through PCR and the appropriate primers. Then gel electrophoresis can be used to isolate or separate the DNA fragments, after which the fragments can be inserted into plasmids for genetic transformations. PCR can also be used to diagnose patients with genetic disorders. This can be done by amplifying…