Monocyte

Discussion Immune reaction to viral invasion is important to combat virus growth and to minimize any damage that can be imposed on the host cells [30]. In this study, the host immune response in the bursa of Fabricius, an organ mainly colonized by B lymphocytes, was assessed upon infection by the avian virus NDV genotype VII IBS002 and genotype VIII AF2240. The cell population in the chicken bursa was evaluated by flow cytometry and the results showed that in normal chickens, this organ was…

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The accumulation of oxLDLs in the tunica intima then causes the endothelial cells to express adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). The monocytes can then migrate from the blood circulation and into the tunica intima, becoming macrophages. The macrophages then takes in the oxLDLs and become foam…

Stem cells are cells that retained cellular renewal ability (Avasthi, Ms, & Ms, 2008). These cells can differentiate to a large spectrum of cell types including but not limited to various organ cells and other tissue cells. There are 2 main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells (embryo) and somatic stem cells (adult). Depending on the cell’s potency, the ability to differentiate to different cells will vary. There are different potency of cells, which include: totipotency, pluripotency and…

less important (Lichtin, n.d.). White blood cells are responsible for defending the body against infection (Lichtin, n.d.). There are five types of cells that a white blood cell can be (Lichtin, n.d.). This consists of neutrophils, Lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, which make up the Cardiovascular system with the red blood cells (Lichtin, n.d.). The Cardiovascular system contains many types of cells that need to be specialized to do their specific…

1. INTRODUCTION The French paradox describes the lowered incidences of coronary heart diseases (CHD) in French people with respect to their diet which consists of high amounts of saturated fats. It is one of the many paradoxes with examples such as the Israeli paradox, which shows that although having a diet low in saturated fats, the Israeli Jews have increased incidences of CHD . This paradoxical event caused elevated interest in the causative factor that can seemingly lower the incidences of…

Insulin Receptor Introduction Insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor, an important member to a large family of tyrosine kinase receptor proteins. Endogenous ligands such as insulin, IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1) and IGF-2 (Insulin-like growth factor-2) bind to this receptor to carry out major physiological and metabolic functions. INSR (Insulin Receptor) gene encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed in our body to form a functional heterotetrameric insulin…

Sepsis What is sepsis? According to the Nationals institute of General Medical Science, “Sepsis is a serious condition caused by an overwhelming immune response to infection.” Anyone can get sepsis, however, people with immature or weak immune systems are at greatest risk. Sepsis, if not treated early and aggressively can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and possibly even death. In years past, due to lack of knowledge about medical hygiene patients ended up with serious infections…

1. Effects on gastrointestinal function and ulcers:- Aloe gel is commercially offered for oral consumption and many claims were made for benefits in various internal inflammatory conditions. Trial done on human patient showed a tonic effect on the intestinal tract with a reduced transit time. Also the bacterial flora appears to show benefit, with a reduction in a presence of yeasts and reduction in pH. Bowel putrefaction was decreased and protein digestion/absorption was improved. An early trial…

Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic Kidney disease(CKD) is also known as Chronic Kidney Failure and is the gradual loss of kidney function. The kidneys are responsible for filtering wastes and excess fluids from the blood, which is than excreted through urine. When CKD reaches an advanced stage, the levels of fluids become very dangerous and it causes electrolytes and wastes to build up in the body.(Mayo Clinic, 2016) Pathophysiological Process CKD occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney…

Ebola Zaire in non-human primates: a threat to biodiversity conservation To most of the world, Ebola Zaire haemorrhagic fever, also simply known as ‘the Ebola virus’ (EBOV) (Hayden, 2014), was relatively unknown until early 2014 when an outbreak in West Africa seemingly appeared out of nowhere. Yet outbreaks have been reported in primates, both human and non-human, since its discovery in 1976 (P. Ascenzi et al. 2008), and the outbreaks seem to be increasing in frequency. Several studies leave us…