Monocyte

Protein Total Level 68 g/L Normal Albumin Level 28 g/L Low (35–55 g/L) ALP 68 U/L Normal GGT 16 U/L Normal ALT 29 U/L Normal AST 22 U/L Normal WCC 10.69 x10^9/L Normal Hb 157 g/L Normal PLT 383 x10^9/L Normal HCT 0.473 Normal MCV 95.0 fL Normal RCC 4.98 x10^12/L Normal MCH 31.5 pg Normal MCHC 332 g/L Normal RDW-SD 44.5 fL Normal RDW-CV 12.8 % Normal MPV 12.3 fL High (7.5-11.5 fL) Neutrophils % 77.7 % Neutrophils Absolute 8.30 x10^9/L High (absolute) (2.5-7.5 x10^9/L) Lymphocytes % 13.8 % Lymphocytes Absolute 1.50 x10^9/L Normal Monocytes % 8.0 % Monocytes Absolute 0.90 x10^9/L High (absolute) (0.2-0.8 x10^9/L) Eosinophils % 0.3 % Eosinophils Absolute 0.03 x10^9/L Low (absolute) (<0.5 x10^9/L) Basophils % 0.2 % Basophils Absolute 0.02 x10^9/L Normal Patient’s microbiology lab test results (Aryal, 2015) The abnormal values we are looking at for this patient are, high urea, low albumin, high MPV (mean platelet volume), high neutrophils absolute, high monocytes absolute and low eosinophils absolute. High urea in the blood or uremia may suggest impaired kidney function. This could be due to acute or chronic kidney disease, damage, or failure. It may also be due to ischemia of the kidneys or diseases that could cause it, such as congestive cardiac failure, shock, stress, severe burns, obstruction of urine flow, or dehydration. In this patient it is more likely that age, medication or shock has cause impaired kidney function, and that caused the increase in urea in the…

PHYSIOLOGICAL DIMENSION IMMUNE/DEFENSE MECHANISMS Age specific variations of growth and development From the Nursing care of infants and Children, specifies different immunizations that are recommended for adolescents. Adolescents that are 11 to 18 years of age should be administered the tetanus, diphtheria, acellular, and pertussis vaccine. The meningococcal vaccine should be administered to adolescents between the ages of 11 to 12 years old, as well get a booster before the age of 16.…

Why is math important? Some people cringe when math is mentioned, but whether they favor it or not, numbers can’t be avoided. Math is present everywhere whether it be cooking, shopping, creating, caring for others or etc. According to the history, counting supposedly started right after the development of language. Egyptians had used Egyptian system around 3000-1600 BC which they wrote 10 as ^ and 13 as III^. This system was adapted by the Romans in their roman numerals. Egyptians also has the…

The immune system is a highly integrated, diverse task force the body recruited with the sole mission of protection against invading forces of infection, pathogens and mutant cells. The immune system is always surveilling for the enemy through its ranks of innate immune cells which lack memory and specificity including, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes. These cells patrol and destroy anything suspicious whether they have seen it before or not and have the ability to alert higher…

CD40L is one of the members of TNF family. It is expressed on antigen presenting cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells and epithelial cells [1g]. It plays a key role in the production of IL-12 and IL-10 by macrophages and monocytes. CD40 is required for immune suppression by myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and expansion of Treg cells [1g]. sCD40L is present in very high levels in patients suffering from colon cancer, prostate cancer and breast cancer [1i]. sCD40L promotes cancer…

HL-60 cells are multipotent, which means that they are able to form multiple cell types but are restricted to a specific lineage (Cirtain et al., 2016). HL- 60 cell line has been used as an in vitro system for studying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the proliferation and differentiation of normal and leukemic cells of the hematopoietic, or white blood cell lineage (Xie et al., 1998). HL-60 cells are invaluable as they are easy to maintain, differentiate and can be used to…

The stems cells that come stem from here are stimulated with various factors. Myeloid progenitor stem cells stimulated with erythropoietin gives rise to red blood cells. Stimulation with interleukin 5 gives rise to eosinophils, stimulation with thrombopoeiten gives rise to megakaryocytes which gives rise to platelets. The others are basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells. Each of these…

Mechanism Atherogenesis is the developmental process of athermanous plaques. It is characterized by a remodeling of arteries leading to sub endothelial accumulation of fatty substances called plaques. The buildup of an athermanous plaque is a slow process, developed over a period of several years through a complex series of cellular events occurring within the arterial wall and in response to a variety of local vascular circulating factors. One recent hypothesis , leukocyte, such as momocyte or…

transfusion with TTP. There are all different types of thrombosis’s he looked at to see which where affected the most. There is thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (4). Those different types of thrombosis had different effects on patients with platelet transfusion for leukemia. Some where worse then others. With TTP and HIT there was reported more arterial thrombosis and mortality, while there wasn’t “no…

thickening in the arterial wall called an Atheroma (or "fibro-fatty plaque"). Atheroma narrows the lumen of arteries and weakens the vessel wall. Atherosclerosis begins in childhood and slowly progresses throughout life. Typically, it produces symptomatic clinical disease during the fifth and sixth decades of life. The atheromatous plaque is a raised lesion within the intima of arteries composed of a core of cholesterol, necrotic cellular debris and inflammatory cells. This is covered by a…