The primary inflammatory cytokines:
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a proinflammatory cytokine which is produced by macrophages, T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, fibroblasts, neutrophils, keratinocytes and tumor cells [13]. It is produced during early inflammatory response. It mediates the production of other cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules [14]. It also increases vascular permeability, which leads to migration of activated immune cells to the site of infection [15,16]. TNF is a promoter of inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor dissemination and therefore a tumor-promoting factor [17,18]. Transcription factors such as NFκB and AP-1 are activated by TNF [18,19]. It has been reported in several older literatures that circulating …show more content…
CD40L is one of the members of TNF family. It is expressed on antigen presenting cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells and epithelial cells [1g]. It plays a key role in the production of IL-12 and IL-10 by macrophages and monocytes. CD40 is required for immune suppression by myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and expansion of Treg cells [1g]. sCD40L is present in very high levels in patients suffering from colon cancer, prostate cancer and breast cancer [1i]. sCD40L promotes cancer development by suppressing the immune …show more content…
It stimulates eosinophil activation, B cell growth and immunoglobin secretion. It mediates migration and invasion of cancer cells causing metastasis. It has been found to enhance migration of bladder cancer, lung metastasis, colon cancer, breast cancer metastasis and prostate cancer.
Thymic stromal lymphoprotein (TSLP) is produced by epithelial cells in lungs, gut and skin, and plays a role in B cell and T cell development. TSLP functions through monocyte derived dendritic cells [1j]. TSLP is produced by pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts and breast cancer cells. Downregulation of TSLP decreases pancreatic tumor growth, breast cancer progression and lung metastasis [1k.1l].
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) also called interferon gamma inducing factor is an inflammatory cytokine which is expressed in macrophages, dendritic cells, osteoblasts, intestinal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and microglial cells. IL-18 enhances maturation of T cells and natural killer cells [1m], and production of IL-10, IL-4, IL-13 and IFN-λ [1n]. IL-18 is known to induce immunosuppression in cancer by upregulating PD-1 expression which suppresses the function of T cells to attack cancer cells [1o]. IL-18 expression has been found in prostate cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer and pancreatic
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a proinflammatory cytokine which is produced by macrophages, T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, fibroblasts, neutrophils, keratinocytes and tumor cells [13]. It is produced during early inflammatory response. It mediates the production of other cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules [14]. It also increases vascular permeability, which leads to migration of activated immune cells to the site of infection [15,16]. TNF is a promoter of inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor dissemination and therefore a tumor-promoting factor [17,18]. Transcription factors such as NFκB and AP-1 are activated by TNF [18,19]. It has been reported in several older literatures that circulating …show more content…
CD40L is one of the members of TNF family. It is expressed on antigen presenting cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells and epithelial cells [1g]. It plays a key role in the production of IL-12 and IL-10 by macrophages and monocytes. CD40 is required for immune suppression by myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and expansion of Treg cells [1g]. sCD40L is present in very high levels in patients suffering from colon cancer, prostate cancer and breast cancer [1i]. sCD40L promotes cancer development by suppressing the immune …show more content…
It stimulates eosinophil activation, B cell growth and immunoglobin secretion. It mediates migration and invasion of cancer cells causing metastasis. It has been found to enhance migration of bladder cancer, lung metastasis, colon cancer, breast cancer metastasis and prostate cancer.
Thymic stromal lymphoprotein (TSLP) is produced by epithelial cells in lungs, gut and skin, and plays a role in B cell and T cell development. TSLP functions through monocyte derived dendritic cells [1j]. TSLP is produced by pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts and breast cancer cells. Downregulation of TSLP decreases pancreatic tumor growth, breast cancer progression and lung metastasis [1k.1l].
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) also called interferon gamma inducing factor is an inflammatory cytokine which is expressed in macrophages, dendritic cells, osteoblasts, intestinal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and microglial cells. IL-18 enhances maturation of T cells and natural killer cells [1m], and production of IL-10, IL-4, IL-13 and IFN-λ [1n]. IL-18 is known to induce immunosuppression in cancer by upregulating PD-1 expression which suppresses the function of T cells to attack cancer cells [1o]. IL-18 expression has been found in prostate cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer and pancreatic