Interleukin

1. Problem to be addressed. To study the effect of a paraprobiotic, heat inactivated Lactobacillus gasserei, on the functioning of the central nervous system using mouse models. 2. Background to the problem. The microbial composition of the gut in early life is known to influence the development and functioning of the adult brain, including behavioral functions. Many behavioural disorders like anxiety, depression and autism have been linked to severe damage to the gut microbiota. Studies have…

The hypothesis was proven wrong by the timing and values of the graph. I believe this was caused by the enzyme having to break apart a heightened amount of substrates in the mixed test tubes. This caused the initial data to yield a quicker reaction (on the basest of browning in color) compared to the altered data. The independent variable of this experiment was time, while the dependent variable was the color as the reaction is completely dependent on the duration of time. There were numerous…

Children require a lot of care and attention to help grow and develop. Not just physically but mentally too. Some parents may teach their children the ABCs or colors. But there are other aspects in the world that could affect development as well. Music has been shown to affect not only children when it comes to development, but adults as well. Music can affect many things with humans. Music can drastically improve the brain, cure the body/health, and change behavior. A musician 's brain is much…

1991) stated that CAV infection causes severe defects in splenic T-lymphocyte functions in form of decreased responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A and fall in interleukin production. Macrophage concentration and functions are also severely reduced after in vivo or in vitro exposure to the virus such as interleukin-l (IL-1) production, Fc receptor expression, phagocytosis and bactericidal activity (Cloud et al., 1992; McConnell et al., 1993a & b). The adverse effects of the virus…

Introduction The use of animal models in research is most often justified based on the idea that humans and animals are related to a certain degree and hence data obtained from animal experimentation can be extrapolated and applied to humans. Evidently, this does not apply to all species even those who share anatomical similarities or are closely related from an evolutionary standpoint as physiological responses may vary. However, animal models are required simply because experimentation on…

Using infliximab to treat Crohn’s disease Introduction Crohn’s disease is a type of IBD that causes inflammation in any part gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. In response to this inflammation, the body’s immune system attacks the GI tract (Dessein, 2008). The progression of this chronic inflammatory disease is brought about by the action of several cellular processes and pro-inflammatory mediators (Poggioli, 2007). Because there is no single factor that can be targeted to…

tissue injury. After activation by antigen presentation, unrestrained responses of type 1 T helper (Th1) cells predominate in Crohn’s disease as a consequence of defective regulation. The inflammatory response is stimulated by Th1 cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-12 and TNF-α . These cytokines recruit inflammatory cells which release nonspecific inflammatory substances, such as arachidonic acid metabolites, proteases, platelet activating factor, and free radicals, which result in direct…

Neurons are not the only cells that occupied the central nervous system (CNS). In fact, neurons are outnumbered by supportive non-excitable cells, collectively called neuroglia (a.k.a. glia). The term glia was coined by Rudolph Virchow in 1859 to indicate the “connective tissue” surrounding the neurons (glia came from Greek meaning glue). However, the combination of the activities of glial cells and neurons is crucial for brain functions (Steward 2000). There are three types of glial cells in…

According to Dr. Jade Teta, it doesn't matter what age you are, you can switch back on the same body-rejuvenation abilities you had when you were younger. He says that traditional workouts are not the answer and that they can actually do more harm than good, but when you how to work out the way he talks about in Metabolic Prime, you will not only find yourself losing weight easier, you will be protecting yourself from future disease. But, can this program really give you back the metabolism of…

toxic granule proteins (major basic protein [MBP], eosinophilic cationic protein [ECP], eosinophil peroxidase [EPO], and eosinophil derived neurotoxin [EDN]) and lipid mediators, which are cytotoxic. In eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) cytokines interleukin (IL)-3, IL-5 and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor may be responsible for the recruitment and activation of eosinophils and hence the pathogenesis. Atopy is present in a subset of patients. However, studies also have shown…