Interleukin

BCG makes initial contact with tumor cells by means of a fibronectin attachment protein, followed by internalization of the BCG in the cells directing a cell-mediated immunologic response. It has been found in recent studies to be a predominantly T-helper/inducer cell-mediated response with persistence of inflammatory cytokines (Th1-type) for a long time within the BCG- induced granulomas, which maybe be key factor in the recurrence-free state of the patient. The prolonged inflammation results in a continuous level of activating cytokines such as the Interleukin-2, Interferon-gamma and Interleukin-12. In laboratory, the two cellular cytotoxic effector mechanisms that have been determined are the commonly implicated leukocyte-activated killer (LAK) cell cytotoxicity and a newly distinguished cytotoxic phenomenon known as the ‘BCG-activated killer (BAK) cell phenomenon.’ The involved effector cells are the activated natural killer cells (NK cells), in which selectively kill malignant targets (Kapoor, R., Vijjan, V. & Singh, P. (2008))”. Research has also proven that the BCG not only has a local immune activation but “…some degree of a systemic response as well, determined by the multiple cytokines that may be…

Personal Statement I remember when I first move to the US, I just wanted to be a typical American kid. However, no matter how much I knew or what I did, there was something that always branded me as an “outsider” -- my name. I soon learned your unique identity or background is something you should embrace. This realization occurred as I encountered people from diverse backgrounds. Since my father was in the U.S army, I often found myself frequently thrust into a new environment. My journey…

Bioinformatics coursework- report on IL2RG IL2RG (Interleukin 2 receptor, gamma) serves as a receptor for cytokines IL2, IL4, IL7, IL15 and IL21 (Brandt et al, 2007). The binding of IL2 regulates the activation, differentiation and proliferation of lymphatic cells through both positive and negative feedback loops. It prevents autoimmune diseases during the maturation of T cells, as well as playing a key role in cell-mediated immunity (Liao et al, 2011). The IL2RG gene is located on the…

INTRODUCTION Interleukin 4 was co-found by Maureen Howard and William E. Paul and by Dr. Ellen Vitetta and her examination bunch in 1982. The nucleotide succession for human IL-4 was secluded four years after the fact affirming its similitude to a mouse protein called B-cell stimulatory component 1 (BCSF-1). Cytogenetic Location: 5q31.1 Molecular Location on chromosome 5: base pairs 132,673,986 to 132,682,678 (Homo sapiens Annotation Release 107, GRCh38.p2) The…

Asthenia- Abdominal pain- Edema- Lymph-adenopathy- Retro-orbital pain- Conjunctivitis- Skin Rash- back pain- anorexia- Nausea- Vomiting- Diarrhea- Constipation- Dizziness- and Other Signs )- Neurological Complication :(Guillain-Barré syndrome- microcephaly)- Underlying disease :(Diabetes- Hypertension- Asplenia- Immunodeficiency- Cirrhosis- Hyperlipidaemia- Alcoholism) – clinical outcome (Death- Microcephaly- Recovery) -Laboratory finding :CFS (Neu- Lymph- Pro- Glu) – Blood glucose –…

hypertension include pheochromocytoma, Cushing’s syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, primary aldosteronism, pregnancy, obstructive sleep apnea, and coarctation of the aorta.  Hypertension results from increased peripheral vascular smooth muscle tone, which leads to increased arteriolar resistance and reduced capacitance of the venous system.  Some drugs that may increase BP include corticosteroids, estrogens, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), amphetamines,…

the site of injury or disease to begin fighting it to prevent it from damaging tissue. The leukocytes fight whatever pathogens are present and the signaling molecules initiate the process of tissue repair. After this is complete, the body inhibits the inflammatory response to prevent it from damaging itself [7]. Inflammasomes have a key role in detecting pathogens in the body and the signaling to other inflammation promoters [8]. Inflammasomes processes an immunoprotein called Interleukin-1 beta…

characterized by raised, inflamed, patchy, red skin covered with white scales that is cause by an excess of inflammation and keratinocyte proliferation. There are several drugs in the market to treat the disease like Stelara and Etanercept (table 1) but recent studies have focused on the role of Interleukin – 17A (IL – 17A) to control it due to its high concentration…

“T helper 2 cells job is to promote humeral immunity from stimulating plasma cells through interleukin 13 and interleukin 4.” (Barnes, 1996) The following process will promote IgE antibody production by the plasma cells. IgE cells will bind with mast cells to create the IgE mast cell complex. T helper 2 cells itself through interleukin 9, will stimulate mast cell activity. Another thing T helper 2 cells will do is promote eosinophil production from bone marrow through interleukin 5 to the…

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the fifth most common disease in the United States and worldwide infecting about 13,400 people. That’s about 37 cases every day. Raising awareness could help inform people of the risks of non-Hodgkin lymphoma by decreasing the amount of serum interleukin in your body, staying away from certain chemicals in your job or even at your own home, and decreasing the amount of people diagnosed or even killed. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients with high levels of serum interleukin…