Interleukin

through monocyte derived dendritic cells [1j]. TSLP is produced by pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts and breast cancer cells. Downregulation of TSLP decreases pancreatic tumor growth, breast cancer progression and lung metastasis [1k.1l]. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) also called interferon gamma inducing factor is an inflammatory cytokine which is expressed in macrophages, dendritic cells, osteoblasts, intestinal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and microglial cells. IL-18 enhances maturation…

are capable of rising the vascular permeability of the infection site causing more immune cells and complement to get there. In periodontitis, the cytokines responsible for initiating tissue destruction and bone loss are interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL8), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Cytokines are pleiotropy, meaning that different types of cells can secrete the same cytokine, and at the same time a single cytokine can at on different cell types. Also,…

of cytokines. When the annulus fibrosus ruptures, the nucleus pulposus is identified by the autoimmune system after exposure, which induces an autoimmune reaction and produces proinflammatory substances such as interleukin and tumor necrosis factor. Among them, interleukin -1 (interleukin-1, IL-1) can stimulate prostaglandin E2 (prostaglandin, E2, PGE2) and 5- serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) synthesis, and can improve the body's sensitivity to pain . IL-6 can stimulate local inflammatory…

options for melanoma, chemotherapy, radiation, interleukin 2. These three treatment options come with multiple side effects. Side effects of chemotherapy are are fatigue, hair loss, easy bruising and bleeding, infection, anemia, vomiting, nausea, constipation, and diarrhea, etc. The main side effects of radiation are fatigue and skin changes. Other early side effects are hair loss and mouth problems when treated in this area. The side effects of interleukin 2 are pressure, diarrhea, changes in…

when germ free mice are colonized with bacteria containing polysaccharide A (PSA) (2). Some germ free mice have impaired innate lymphoid cells, which are lymphoid cells that lack both a B and T cell receptor, and therefore have decreased levels of interleukin 22 (IL-22), which is a critical cytokine during the opsonization of microbes in the small intestine (1). Under germ free conditions there are also reductions in the levels of helper T cells in the small intestine (8). Although not much is…

stem cells play a major role in tumor microenvironments. The stems cells that come stem from here are stimulated with various factors. Myeloid progenitor stem cells stimulated with erythropoietin gives rise to red blood cells. Stimulation with interleukin 5 gives rise to eosinophils, stimulation with thrombopoeiten gives rise to megakaryocytes which gives rise to platelets. The others are basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells. Each of these…

The most widely known model of the development of bronchiecta¬sis is Cole's ‘vicious cycle hypothesis’.15b According to this hypothesis an environmental insult, often against a background of genetic susceptibility, impairs mucociliary clearance, resulting in persistence of microorganisms in the bronchial tree and microbial colonization.The microbial infection causes chronic inflammation, resulting in tissue damage and impaired mucociliary motility. This then leads to more infection, with a…

Osteoarthritis is the most common reason for people to get a knee replacement in the US, and now a better and cheaper form has emerged for knee replacements. 3D knee replacements Many knee replacements are caused by osteoarthritis and researchers have found that a gene called FAAH is higher in people who have osteoarthritis. FAAH is fatty acid amine hydrolase, which is a membrane hydrolase with a single N-terminal transmembrane domain. In the past, the FAAH gene has been directly correlated…

The immune system is a highly integrated, diverse task force the body recruited with the sole mission of protection against invading forces of infection, pathogens and mutant cells. The immune system is always surveilling for the enemy through its ranks of innate immune cells which lack memory and specificity including, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes. These cells patrol and destroy anything suspicious whether they have seen it before or not and have the ability to alert higher…

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Ayden M. Edgar Mackintosh Academy Abstract Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a dangerous virus that creates an inefficiency in your immune system. This is bad because then it makes it super easy for the body to get infected because of the lack of helper CD4 T-cells. HIV is the cause of many death in the world and there is still no cure. Without our Immune cells our daily functions, like getting a paper cut could grow an infection and then result…