Interleukin

Anaphylactic disorder is one of the end result of immediate (Type I) hypersensitivity reaction. It starts when antigen (bee sting as in the patient’s case) binds to IgE antibody on the surface of mast cells that result of systemic release of vasoactive amines and other mediators from mast cells. The presence of IgE antibody indicate that this is not the first exposure to this antigen. The mast cells have a specific receptor for the Fc portion of IgE called FceRI (a high-affinity receptor). When…

IV. Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus A. Mode of Pathogenicity Staphylococcus aureus is both a commensal bacterium and a versatile pathogen. It is commensal because it can harmlessly colonize in the nares, axillae, vagina, pharynx, or damaged skin surfaces (Jenkins et al. 2015). Commensal bacteria supports the superficial layer of our body from pathogenic bacteria. For instances, S. aureus produces bacteriocins (toxins created by bacteria) that impedes pathogenic staphylococcal organism…

Stage 4 melanoma is very hard to cure. According to the American Cancer Society a five-year rate is 15 to 20 percent and ten-year survival rate is 10 to 15. Some treatments for Melanoma include chemotherapy, radiation, and interleukin-2. There are some side effects, for chemotherapy the side effects are that the cancer cells can divide faster than normal cells. The chemotherapy drugs get those cells effectively. Unfortunately, the chemo-drugs also kill the normal cells. (Pietrangelo, 2017).…

All tissues in the body rely on oxygen (O2) that is transported in the blood to meet their metabolic needs. O2 is carried in two ways: dissolved or bound to hemoglobin. About 98% of oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin. And the remaining 2% is carried in the dissolved state. Dissolved oxygen is the only form that diffuses across the cell membranes and produces a partial pressure (PO2) which drives diffusion. The transport of O2 involves the transfer from the alveoli to the pulmonary…

Equine Joint Injections - Good or Bad? By Brittany T Factor, DVM | Submitted On November 21, 2015 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Brittany T Factor, DVM "You want to do what to my horse…

It knows no boundaries. It is not biased or racist, and it is a killer. It will affect any age or gender. It is cunning, quick to manifest itself, and life-threatening, it is septic shock. Sepsis is a crafty syndrome that most people may not even realize they have until a family member realizes they are acting different and takes them to the emergency department. First it starts with an infection, then early sepsis, which if not treated it turns into septic shock. Sepsis is defined by the…

RESEARCH STRATEGY (a) Significance. Yersinia pestis (Yp) is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of plague. Yp is a Category A agent defined by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) as a pathogen that is high risk to public health and national security. A long term goal of NIAID is to explore the host-pathogen interaction and host response to infection with Yp, and to identify and characterize immune responses after exposure to Yp (1).…

will produce mediators that cause contraction of smooth muscle and toxic products (major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase and eosinophil cationic protein) that will damage epithelial cells in the airway. It will also produce cytokines (e.g interleukins) that cause remodeling and fibrosis for the…

that is the equivalent of being around forty-five feet underwater. The chamber is then filled with pure oxygen that the person breaths in for about one to two hours. This technique has been connected with a decrease in the body’s prostaglandin and interleukin production. The latter two substances are both involved in the body’s inflammatory response, where runaway production of the two can lead to inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Another one of these successful treatments, a…

The etiology and pathogenesis of RA are complex and multifaceted. A range of predetermined (genes) and stochastic (random events and environment) factors contribute to susceptibility and pathogenesis.(kelly). The initiation of RA probably begins years before the onset of clinical symptoms. This process involves certain specific genes that can help break tolerance and lead to autoreactivity. It is likely that the earliest phases are marked by repeated activation of innate immunity Cigarette smoke…