Interleukin

Treg subtypes and characteristics: It has been concluded by multiple studies that Treg cells produce forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) at some point of their development. This protein is an important molecule in immune regulation as its presence in cells was determined to be sufficient in the suppression of proliferation and cytokine secretion by effector cells. Furthermore, a frameshift mutation in Foxp3 results in a fatal syndrome of extensive immune activation, leading to the over secretion of…

According to McPhee and Hammer (2014), allergic contact dermatitis is an outburst triggered by the immune-mediated response to a substrate in contact with the skin. A chemical contact to the skin triggers damage to the epidermis and emission of interleukin 1, 6, 8, and the tumor necrosis factor (Simon, Aeberhard, Erdemoglu, & Simon, 2014). These releases bring about an inflammation process that clinically exhibits as reddened, cracked, and irritated dermis (Huether & McCance, 2012). Spongiotic…

Hypermetabolism is the physiological condition of increased rate of metabolic activity and is described by a strange increment in the body's basal metabolic rate. Hypermetabolism is caused by injury or multiple traumas to the body. This could be in the form of surgery, bone fractures, infections, burns and bone marrow transplant. Hypermetabolism is a symptom of hyperthyroidism which is characterised by an increment in the production of thyroid hormones hence an increase in the rate of cellular…

Topical Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Application In an animal model the topical application of NGF to wounds and ulcers leads to a statistically significant decrease in the wound perimeter (66%) vs. controls.[8, 23, 77, 120] Clinically, topical application of NGF leads to the repair of neurotrophic corneal ulcers, recovery of corneal surface sensitivity [36, 119] and diabetic foot ulcers.[73] Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) Topical application of bFGF enhances the healing for operative…

It has been demonstrated that MUC1 (membrane bound mucin) often located on the outer portions of cells, serves as a preventive agent against Helicobacter pylori. MUC1 reduces gastric inflammation in H. pylori Infected tissue by forming a complex with IkB kinase gamma (IKKγ) in this way hindering the contact between IKKγ and IKKβ causing the prevention of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) transportation to the nucleus, in this manner preventing the transcription of genes that can cause inflammation…

Glandular fever (or infectious mononucleosis) is a viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. It affects mostly teenagers and young adults and leads to fatigue, skin rashes and swollen lymph nodes. Currently, there are no specific cures to eliminate glandular fever from its host, however, treatments are available to fight the symptoms and the most reliable cure currently is for body’s immune system to combat the virus. Glandular fever or mononucleosis is a viral infection caused by the…

General Introduction Dietary lipids: Dietary lipids consist of a broad group of compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water. Their density is lower than water and consistency varies from liquids to solids at normal room temperature, depending on their structure and function. They are also referred as ‘Oils’ which are liquid and ‘fats’ which are solid at room temperature. Lipids are the important constituents of diet due to their higher energy value. One gram of lipid…

Theoretical/Conceptual Paradigm The study is based on the premise that various preparations of platelet concentrate such as PRF and CGF may be regarded as healing biomaterials since they contain all the necessary components permitting optimal wound healing following surgical procedures. Components such as growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines have been reported to work in unison for the achievement of wound healing in various medical and surgical cases. As such this can be a…

None of us are ever really alone. That’s because at any given moment in the day, our gut is alive with tens of trillions – tens of TRILLIONS – of microorganisms that make up what is called our gut microbiota, or gut flora. These trillions of microorganisms include at least 1000 different species of known bacteria that contain more than 3 million genes. To put this into a bit of perspective, that’s 150 times more than human genes! What’s particularly interesting is that while one third of our gut…

that can promote apoptosis of SMCs, ECs and macrophages. Death of these cells occur in the atherosclerotic lesion and may lead to plaque progression and complications. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) produce transforming growth factor –beta (TGF-β) and interleukin-10 which have anti-inflammatory action. B1 cells produce antibodies which can protect against atherosclerosis in vivo while B2 cells promote atherosclerosis by activating proinflammatory…