Fluorescence

fraction of KPNB1 and compound 2 was varied, while keeping the total concentration ([KPNB1]+[2]) constant. The fluorescence intensity was measured at 520 nm, and the changes in the fluorescence intensity were plotted versus the molar fraction of KPNB1 in PBS (pH 8.0), showing that linear regression fittings were made at the two extremes of the curve (Figure 2). The maximum fluorescence change were observed at the 1/2 molar fraction of 2, suggesting that compound 2 and KPNB1 formed the complex…

and his colleagues successfully discovered and isolated green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria; GFP consists of a tripeptide, which is Ser-65, Tyr-66, and Gly-67, that forms fluorescence chromophore (1). Fluorescence chromophore, is accountable for its green fluorescence under UV light, helps to identify and determine the cells if the Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) gene is expressed or not (2). In addition, Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) is…

CitX (periplasmic binding protein from Salmonella typhimurium) and the binding domains of DpiB (sensor histidine kinase from E. coli) and CitA (sensor histidine kinase from Klebsiella pneumoniae). We would then purify all three proteins and record fluorescence energy values when bound to citrate for future reference. It is also crucial to test the purified proteins affinity against pyruvate and other citric acid cycle metabolites such as succinate and α-ketoglutarate, to prevent false positive…

was joined by breakthroughs in the field of Molecular biology (1). The first efficient method to sequencing DNA was found by F.Sanger in 1977 (2). But the huge desire to sequencing genomes required faster methods and many improvements were made. Fluorescence, capillary electrophoresis and microarrays led to a new way for sequencing genes : the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). How do Sanger technique and NGS work ? What are their applications? Sanger sequencing The Sanger technique is based on…

3.3.9. Encapsulation efficiency of drug loaded NPs The encapsulation efficiency (EE) was determined by weighing the amount of unloaded drug recovered from lyophilization of the supernatant obtained after centrifugation of NPs. The drug encapsulation efficiency was calculated according to the following equation: Encapsulation efficiency (%) = (Winitial/Wfree)/Winitial *100%. Where, Winitial and Wfree are the weight of initial drug and the weight of free drug determined in the supernatant after…

that the microscope could be adjusted without harming the samples. The cover slip was placed on top and nail polish was added to the sides of the cover slip to prevent the sample from drying out. With the 40x lens of the Zeiss Axiovision Widefield Fluorescence Microscope, images of the cells were captured. The two channels that were used were DAPI and DIC. DAPI had an exposure time of 960,000ms per picture and DIC had an exposure time of 7200ms per picture. About 300-500 cells were imaged.…

A vital tenet of forensic science is the exchange principle first proposed by Edmund Locard, which can be generally understood as the phrase “with contact between two items, there will be an exchange.” Every time there is a contact between individuals, environs and articles, there is an exchange of physical evidence, however small it may be. This aspect plays an indispensable role in crime scene investigations as it enables the detectives to establish links between the crime scenes, victims and…

In “Plant Pigment,” by Shirley Raps and Jeffrey Harborne, two types of plant pigments are discussed: photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic pigments. Photosynthetic pigments are responsible for absorbing light and transferring energy during photosynthesis. Among this group of pigments are chlorophylls, phycobilins, carotenoids, and reaction center pigments which causes plants’ green, blue, yellow and orange colors, respectively. Nonphotosynthetic pigments are used to attract insects for…

Huxley writes John as a reflection of himself. While John takes on a persona of an outsider, this represents Huxley being an outcast in his own society. Members in Brave New World imitate the rejection reaction in modern society, and brings to fluorescence of the greediness in their…

Subsequently, other families of GFP variants were discovered and GFP mutants were engineered. These families of GFP-like proteins were discovered in a class of non-bioluminescent Anthozoa (corals). These GFP-like variants have differing properties with regards to chromophore, excitation and emission wavelengths (Tsien & Tsien, 1998) e.g. red & later in other coral species - yellow, cyan and orange. The only other species that fluoresces green is Renilla reniformis (Matz et al., 1999).…