Fluorescence

The first indicator was bacterial growth, which was observed on four agar plates containing different combinations of LB broth, ampicillin, and arabinose. The second indicator was fluorescence, which was observed under UV light. The presence of fluorescence indicated that the bacteria had taken up and expressed the pGLO plasmid, which contained the GFP gene that produces green fluorescent protein. The four plates used in the experiment were the +pGLO LB/AMP/ARA plate…

stained larvae were observed for the NO and ROS generation under a fluorescence microscope, and fluorescence intensity of individual larvae was quantified at an excitation wavelength of 485 nm and an emission wavelength of 535 nm using a spectrophotometer and ImageJ 1.46r software (Wayne Rasband, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA), respectively. The generation of NO and ROS were calculated by comparing the fluorescence intensity of treatment larvae to the controls [Ko and Jeon,…

stream of continuously running water that quickly splits the stream into individual droplets containing the cells (Ferrari et al., 2004). The droplets pass through a fluorescence detection system that can measure the fluorescence of a single cell, or more appropriately, the amount of proteins in a cell that are giving off fluorescence (Ferrari et al., 2004). Therefore, the proteins that have been tagged with GFP are able to be quantified and sorted, providing a purified sample of the cells…

decrease of fluorescence signal over time. The more resistant a Ca2+ indicator is to photobleaching, the longer it can provide reliable and useful information about the measured Ca2+ signals (Thomas, Tovey et al. 2000). The SNR is defined as the difference between the level of the desired signal to the level of background noise. Brightness, dynamic range and kinetics one the one hand and features of the signal on the other hand play a crucial role. "SNR increases when the fluorescence can be…

Arabidopsis cell wall mutants INTRODUCTION & AIMS Plant cell walls are highly dynamic structure which is made up of polysaccharide such as cellulose. In plant cell, cellulose is synthesised at the plasma membrane by the enzyme cellulose synthase (CesA) which forms rosette structure with 18 CesA proteins in total. Mutating any of these CesA proteins is thought to interfere with the normal production of cellulose in plant. As cellulose is an important component of cell wall and is essential for…

applications in very many areas of research such as biotechnology, materials science, microbiology, environmental science etc. Its wide array of uses is reflected by the many different types of microscope e.g. compound microscopes, electron microscopes, fluorescence microscopes etc. The field of microscopy has advanced greatly over the past century and the technologies…

Inflammation is a defense mechanism where the body’s white blood cells fight off bacteria, viruses, and damaged cells(Feeling the Heat- the Link between Inflammation and Cancer, 2013) . When pathogenic cells enter the body, the white blood cells surround that invasion site immediately(Feeling the Heat- the Link between Inflammation and Cancer, 2013) . The white blood cells then release a specific toxic chemical that denatures the pathogen enough to kill it(Feeling the Heat- the Link between…

that replaces the arabinose operon is the pGLO gene. GFP is an abbreviation for Green Fluorescent Protein and the protein is found in the jellyfish, Aequorea victoria. GFP is a protein composed of 238 amino acid residues that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to blue ultraviolet…

Introduction: The discovery of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as genetic material by Oswald Theodore Avery in 1944 paved the way for modern technology in the life sciences. Scientists James D. Watson and Francis Crick determined that this genetic material was composed for four bases in 1953, which lead to the central dogma of molecular biology (Liu, et al., 2009). To better understand what this chemical code means, Alan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed the Maxam-Gilbert manual DNA sequencing…

Introduction Mammalian Skin: The Basics The first line of defence between the outside world and inside an animal is the skin. It is an effective barrier against physical, chemical and pathogenic assault (1). However, the skin is not only a barrier but a sensory organ enabling animals to sense the surrounding environment, provoking appropriate responses for animal survival. There are two main types of skin; thin skin (hairy), which makes up nearly all the skin on the body, and glabrous skin…