Fluorescence

• Bacteria, are single-cell microorganism with no nucleus that had a sphere, rod, and spiral shape and branching threads. Ranges in diameter between (0.5- 1) µm and in length between (2-4) µm however, they are either a parasite or live independently they are found in all living things and in all environments. Some bacteria in drinking water can cause disease such as salmonella, total coliform (including fecal coliform and E.coli), Shigella, Legionella, and Campylobacter and “their presence…

“A Novel Application of Microfluidic Assay to Evaluate the Role of Calponin in Platelet Function and Clot Formation” Introduction: Platelets are a very important aspect of blood clotting. They are also essential in the evolution of clots in Coronary and Cerebral arteries, which cause heart attacks and strokes, respectively. Every year, 610,000 people die of heart disease in the United States; this is 1 in every 4 deaths. Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in the United…

Indeed, this is essential to the foundation of all forensic labs (Dale and Becker 173). Forensic scientists use electrophoresis gel to prepare and differentiate fingerprints (Bertino 165). Which is then uploaded to the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). Allowing access to registered crime lab officials to share and compare DNA profiles (Dale and Becker 176). Sharing this information aids police investigations as mitochondrial DNA can be extracted from fragments of bone and compared to maternal…

10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°for 15s, 57° for 5s, and 72° for 8s, with a temperature transition rate of 2°/s. Fluorescence signals were measured once in each cycle at the end of the extension step. After PCR amplification, Tm curve analysis was performed. For each sample, the CT (Cycle Threshold) was given. The CT corresponds to the PCR cycle number at which the fluorescence reaches a threshold value of 10 times the standard deviation of the baseline emission. The CT values are inversely…

A small portion of the sample is usually taken and qualitatively analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence with a microprobe. This analysis reveals some key information, such as the origin of samples. For example, the analysis of filling material from the sarcophagus of Queen Hatshepsut and King Thutmose I revealed a red paint-like material. Analysis…

As macromolecular machines, enzymes conduct their designated work in the confined and crowded spaces inside living cells. How does a protein work in such a condition? Functions of proteins are strongly dependent on their structural stability and dynamics while the (macro) molecular interactions are arguably affected by the complexity and diversity of their environments. To date, two interrelated cellular conditions — ‘macromolecular crowding’ resulted from the effect of volume exclusion by…

The corneal endothelium is metabolically highly active, and accordingly, endowed with a large number of mitochondria (**). Recent studies have claimed mitochondrial dysfunction in response to deliberate oxidative stress and in FECD (**). Although mitochondrial damage is correlated to cell death, its effects could be more subtle when the damage to the organelle is not severe. Specifically, when mitochondrial damage is not severe, the cellular functions could be impacted by ATP depletion. The…

In molecular biology, individuals use different techniques to obtain data for their research. These methods include His and GFP tagging which play an important role in experimental studies. His tagging is widely used for purifying and detecting large amounts of targeted proteins (Kaplow et al., 2009). GFP tagging can aid in the analysis of protein geography, movement and chemistry in a living cell (Lippincott-Schwartz and Patterson, 2003). A His-tag is a sequence of approximately six histidine…

Phosphorescence re-emits the light very slowly in the dark. Phosphorescence and fluorescent are very similar in the process, expect for the fact that in a phosphorescence reaction, light is emitted slower than in a fluorescent reaction. Fluorescence takes about 10-8 seconds to emit the light, but phosphorescence takes 10-3 seconds. Phosphorescent works with the energy bands in crystalline materials such as luminol, and they are the large number of closely spaced energy levels. They are the…

All About Genetics You have many traits. Traits are your features, characteristics, and attributes. I know a little bit of my heritability, Iḿ mexican and Portuguese. I have many non-heritable traits. My dad has green eyes and I have brown eyes. Mutations has affected me a lot because mutations can cause diseases and can kill you. Heritability is heritable traits you get from your parents and grandparents. All genetic influence comes from your biological parents. Heritability is estimated by…