DNA repair

13. Our advantage in the “survive and reproduce race” is that we are intelligent. We know that we want to reproduce and survive. We learn mechanisms or tactics to protect ourselves and survive. An example of this is antibiotics. The author describes the battle between bacteria and antibiotics as an “Arm race” because whenever new antibiotics are introduced or discovered bacteria always develop resistance to it. An example is penicillin when it first came out in 1928, it worked great but 22 years…

We are began as a single cell, but by the time that we are an adult, we have trillion of cells in our body. This happen because our cells are constantly dividing and when they divide they make new cells. A group of cells form a tissue, a tissue form the organ, an organ compound the system of organ and then the individual. We all have this question, why our cells are dividing constantly? Cells divide to replace old or damaged cells, and also living organism can grow and reproduce. There are two…

DNA cannot function without hundreds of pre-existing proteins, but proteins are produced only at the direction of DNA.To produce a protein, the building blocks are amino acids. For DNA and RNA these building blocks are nucleotides, which are composed of purines, pyrimidines, sugars, and phosphoric acid. If amino acids are dissolved in water…

transcription occurs via recruitment of histone acetylases, chromatin modulating proteins, and DNA methyltransferases (Dang et al, 2006). C-myc can also repress transcription through association with Miz1. In its normal function, Miz1 is a transactivating protein that associates with two coactivators, p300 and Npm1. Upon association of c-myc with Miz1, these coactivators get displaced and the Myc/Miz1 complex can recruit DNA methylases and repress transcription (Wiese et al., 2013). C-myc…

nucleotide consist of three parts: a phosphate unit, a sugar unit, and a heterocyclic base. Phosphate The sugar-phosphate backbone gives the structural its shape and how it looks like, including DNA and RNA. This backbone consists of alternating sugar and phosphate…

receptive recipients, which is unlikely on Earth since connecting with cosmic consciousness is not a priority there. There is only one other option remaining that may be worth a try. The Odyssey leaves for Earth in ten days after completing its repairs. Captain Spero and Chief Steward Pars could deliver a letter from us directly to the World Governing Body warning them about the viral vector. Even though they signed an employment contract forbidding them to disseminate information about…

information as ‘’DNA makes the RNA and RNA makes the protein.’’All biological cells with few exceptions in some follow this rule. This flow takes place through three fundamental processes: replication, transcription and translation. Central Dogma theory was modified when it was found that in some cases RNA carry the genetic information for DNA. The dogma is basically the transfer of sequenced information between information carrying biopolymers. There are three main classes of such biopolymers:…

In the chapter titled, “Immortality,” Matt Ridley discusses the idea of the immortal cell theory. He presents some case studies as well as his own speculations. To began, he explains how the origin of the first cell is still alive in us today and although this is true it does not mean our species will live forever. The function of our life and all life is to reproduce but to get to that we have over came many challenges. On Chromosome 14, the presence of the TEP1 gene seems to be the source of…

Human genetic engineering is the process by which scientists and medical experts alter the DNA of a living, human cell. Human genetic engineering essentially has two basic forms: somatic and germline. Somatic engineering targets specific genes within the body without affecting the genes in the eggs or sperm. The objective of this type of human genetic engineering is to treat an existing condition. The important aspect of this is that it does not alter the individual´s entire genetic makeup. The…

Throughout the previous couple of decades, and as far back as numerous grown-ups can recall, the perspective of gene inheritance has been composed in the four letter dialect of DNA. The American Association for the Advancement of Science said that the hereditary changes and re-combinations have driven most portrayals of how phenotypic qualities are passed on starting with one era then onto the next. Analysts and doctors endeavored to unravel and find the pieces of information that recommended…