DNA repair

The RNA worlds together with the DNA world are known to have numerous differences as well as similarities with the cell nature as well as the varied virus character demands pointing to the viruses coming first. To a degree, the theories that designate this phenomenon have contended on the dissimilar nature of viruses, as a crucial factor that illustrates the viruses coming first (Woese, 1987). In the biosphere of microbes, whereas viruses are regarded as minuscule in size, the Pithovirus is…

Gene editing has long been held out as a potential panacea for all human genetic disorders. Beyond human disease, it holds potential for producing disease free and larger plants and animals. Alternatively, resistance to herbicides can be edited into a plants genome or genes to increase drought tolerance. Furthermore, slight tweaks to the genome can produce crops that will be more desirable to consumers and thus enable their producers to earn more money. If the small change is only the removal of…

The nucleolus which is also known as the brain of a cell, is the most significant part in the nucleus. It takes up about 25 percent of the nucleus and it is not surrounded by a membrane. Through a microscope, the nucleolus is a big dot in the middle of it. It can be found in an animal, plant, diploid, and eukaryotic cell. It was found in the eighteenth century but its function wasn’t discovered until the 1960s. The nucleolus lives in the nuclear matrix. Sadly, the nucleolus is one of the…

bring a lot of DNA and proteins into the water. By testing water samples from various parts of Lake Elsinore, for quality of DNA and protein, one can determine where the highest concentration of life exists. What is DNA? DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is in all living things. Most cells in the human body have the same DNA inside of their cells. Most DNA is at the nucleus of a cell. Mitochondria are a part of a cell (“What is DNA?”). DNA is also found in mitochondria. The DNA inside…

any environment, from an individual’s home to his or her workplace. The exposure to genotoxic chemicals can eventually lead to high levels of DNA damage, which has been suspected of causing cancer. The DNA damage caused by these chemicals can be measured by sister chromatid exchange. Sister chromatid exchange is a sensitive biomarker that is used to detect DNA damage due to genotoxic chemicals. In addition, sister chromatid exchange has also been helpful to minimize the exposure of humans to…

When it comes to the topic of CRISPR-Cas9, a rising technology that allows geneticists and medical researchers to edit and change parts of the genome by removing, adding or just replacing parts to the DNA sequence, most people would readily agree that this technology should be extinct in this world and scientist should examine and test all possible experiments about the genetic sequence because of its potential benefits. CRISPR-Cas9 could be easily used to cure organisms’ genetic disease. Not…

Cells provide many mechanisms to detect and repair DNA damage but these may be exhausted over prolonged exposure, overwhelmed by massive exposure or directly affected by exposure to a carcinogen. Key damage to DNA that results in a cancer-causing mutation occurs where there is activation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes, or inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs). Proto-oncogenes…

organism is the full genetic complement of that given organism hence by editing the genome, scientists are able to alter the phenotype of these organisms and can modify the cellular functions occurring within the organism. Mutations in the DNA of an organism occur during DNA replication. For example in the human genome, it is thought that there are 6 billion places where mutations can occur. These mutations can alter the function of cells and can be the cause of genetic diseases thus the…

including lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids have potential to receive damage by radiation. However, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) because of its function is the most important molecule in the cell which will be affected by ionizing radiation. Gamma and X-ray by direct and indirect mechanisms induce damage to DNA (3, 4). Damaged DNA (if does not repair)…

enhance or remove a particular trait and allow the organism to perform new functions” (Environment.gov.au, 2014). The more modern biotechnology includes the discovery of genes, understanding of how genes function and interact, discovering of natural DNA markers to select for more efficient genetic modification. We can modify genes because in every…