DNA repair

these questions. It is all in the genes or more accurately the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is long chains of nucleotides that carries genetic information that is very crucial in human development. Based on the molecular structure of DNA, it is made of two nucleotide strands and arranged in such manner in which they coil…

Different influence can affect the processes of the cell cycle in both positive and negative ways. Tumor suppressor gene p53 is among the negative regulators of the cell cycle if affected by alteration, mutations or by interaction with oncogene products of DNA tumor viruses. All these mutations cause genetic changes in the cells and lead to cancer (Levine , Finlay, and Momand, 1991). TP53 plays an important role in tumor prevention, and gene stability and this have been demonstrated…

Alongside CRISPR-Cas9 in site specific genome editing are ZFNs and TALENs. ZFNs are a DNA-binding motif assembled as ββα that utilizes a roughly thirty amino acid protein with DNA recognizing amino acids at the alpha helix (Gaj, Gersbach, & Barbas, 2013). These groups of amino acids usually recognize DNA in segments of three. This does not present much specificity in a genome. Therefore multiple DNA-binding motifs need to be combined to create specificity and result in highly specific…

Gene Therapy & Cancer Cells Gene therapy is often defined as a treatment that uses genes to cure or prevent diseases. Genes, DNA, and protein are all involved with each other, therefore, in many immune diseases, if one fails your whole immune system could eventually fail. This treatment is relatively new; hence it is still a pretty risky experimentation since it involves getting genes into cancer cells. Gene Therapy is often involved in serious cancer cell treatments; its main purpose is to try…

encodes for a DNA repair enzyme (6). If this gene is left unmethylated, it is active and is able to repair damaged cells. This function is counterproductive during chemotherapy with the use of temozolamide because the drug damages the DNA and tries to kill cancer cells, but the MGMT works to repair these unwanted cells. Individuals with inactivated MGMT genes have been methylated. Methylated MGMT has a more favorable response to chemotherapy because the tumor has no means to repair the induced…

competent E.coli cells by using the chemical method (calcium chloride treatment) To transform the competent bacterial cells using plasmid DNA and evaluate the transformation efficiency. PRINCIPLE: Competent cells are pre-prepared bacterial cells that possess altered cell walls through which foreign DNA can enter the cell easily. Most cells cannot take up DNA efficiently unless they have been treated with chemicals or exposed to electrical treatments in order to make them competent. The…

the association of MutS and DNA polymerase III, β clamp with MutL, and nicking of a synthesized DNA strand. The importance of MutL is in its united effort with MutS to recognize mismatches and interactions of the β clamp - these correlate with the polymerases ability to catalyze consecutive reactions without releasing the substrate. The combined effort could allow MutL to signal nicking of a newly synthesized DNA strand.…

Cancer beings when human genes in a cell become abnormal and the cell starts to rapidly grow and divide out of control. Genes are pieces of DNA inside every individual cell that control and tell the cell what to do and when to grow and divide. Each gene is made up of a specific DNA sequence that contains the code to make a certain protein that contain a type of code that makes up certain proteins, in which each has a specific job or function in the human body. Each human cell contains around…

CRISPR Genes – A way to eradicate Autism to Cancer to Zellweger syndrome and everything in-between It was September 20th 2001. It was the day my mother would be screened if the fetus (i.e. me in my glorious self) showed an elevated risk for Downs Syndrome. A triple screen blood was performed which measured the quantities of three substances: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) which is produced by the fetus, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and unconjugated estriol which is produced by the placenta. The…

bases also stand for Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine. DNA has many different jobs that it has to do constantly to keep the body going. Certain genes in the body are controlled to be turned on or off, because sometimes we don’t need every single gene at all times. Therefore, DNA will let the genes know in those certain controls centers whether or not we need the gene, it most cases it is too make a protein. A few of the other jobs DNA has are, no function genes that have no effect on…