Distillation

point of 100˚C, while the sand’s melting point is at 1650˚C. 2. Sugar and water: Sugar is similar to salt as both are soluble crystals and would easily be separated by distillation because the evaporating point of water is 100˚C and the melting point of sugar is 180˚C. 3. Oil and water: Oil and water can be separated by distillation because the boiling point of water is 100˚C and oil has boiling point of 300˚C. 4. Sand and gravel: To separate sand gravel is. to use a sifter and have a mesh with…

In older times, wooden casks were used primarily as a way to transport and store the liquor before relatively quick consumption. Indeed, there wasn't really an aim at first to try and manipulate the flavors through aging in wooden barrels after distillation in superior quality moonshine stills. In fact, most of the liquor was usually consumed before the aging process was able to work its magic upon the drink. However, as time went on, there would be some barrels of whiskey that wouldn't be…

dry the crystals and determine the melting point. The unknown that we were assigned was 501 G. A series of tests were performed on this unknown compound in order to figure out the identity. A summary of the results of the tests is shown below. Distillation: Boiling Point: 179.0°C-194.0°C Qualitative Tests: 1. 2,4-DNP Test • Melting point: 240.0°C-245.0°C 2. The Tollen’s Test • Unknown: Negative, compound remained clear and did not form silver mirror • Standard (isobutyl r-aldehyde):…

Introduction Essential oils (EOs) are aromatic volatile liquids obtained from plant materials whether they are vascular plant or nonvascular plants including; buds, flowers, fruits, seeds, leaves, twigs, bark, wood ,roots and herbs. Citrus plants constitute one of the main essential oils sources (Burt, 2004; Hammer, 1999). They belong to Rutaceae family, which originated from tropical and subtropical south-eastern parts of the world (Sawamura, 2010). Citrus species were cultivated in China long…

Introduction In this weeks lab each group is assigned an unknown alcohol and an unknown carboxylic acid for testing. Each group then synthesizes an unknown ester from a Fisher Esterification reaction of the given unknown. Once an ester product is obtained, 1H and 13C NMR, boiling point, and smell testes are run on the final product in order to identify all the given unknowns. Procedures The first step of this week’s lab was to mix 3mL of the unknown alcohol and 6mL of the unknown carboxylic…

Background This experiment was performed to determine the identity of an unknown organic liquid using physical constants: physical state, color, and odor, the solubility classification: water soluble or insoluble, the results of characterization tests: Lucas test, 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine test, Bromine in Methylene Chloride test, and Ferric hydroxamate test, and analyses of spectral data: IR spectrum and HNMR . All testing samples were added to testing tubes for observation. Data was…

reacted in reactor (R 2301) to produce 95% of MTBE at a pressure that equals 3400 kpagauge and temperature of 120o C. In addition, butane column (V 2304) is available and it has two objectives, which are reaching 98% to 99% of MTBE production and distillation of MTBE from other components such as Methanol and unreacted isobutylene. MTBE transferred to the storage tanks and the other compounds go to Water wash column (V 2306). V 2306 is the next column that extracts Methanol from the mixture of…

Purpose: As derivatives of carboxylic acids, esters are abundant compounds that often contribute to the fragrances in flowers, fruits, and coffee. Esters are synthesized from either organic or inorganic acids through a process called esterification. In this reaction, a carboxylic acid (RCOOH) and an alcohol (R’OH) mix in the presence of a strong acid catalyst to form a neutral, water-insoluble ester (RCOO’R) that gives off a pleasant smell. The following is an example of this reaction: The…

A process is disclosed for separating low molecular weight alcohols, especially ethanol, from aqueous mixtures  The feed mixture contains alcohol and water with an extractive solvent comprising a substituted and unsubstituted phenol having 6 carbon atoms and alcohol containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms.  In the process the upper stream contains water with minimum amount of solvent that is 99.9% and the bottom stream contains alcohol with minimum amount of water.  The temperature of the process is…

of ground nutmeg was transferred to the round-bottom flask (RBF) using the plastic funnel. Three milliliter of tert-butyl methyl ether and two or three boiling chips were added into the flask. The black plastic connector was used just like the distillation column with air condenser set-up. The flask was clamped to the ring stand using 3-pronged clamp. The flask was lowered into a slightly depression in the sand without touching directly to the sand. The mixture was then boiled gently at the…