Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon that is represented with the formula C6H6. It was discovered in 1825 by a British scientist, Michael Faraday, who extracted it from crude oil by applying pressure, and named it “Bicarburet of hydrogen”. However, its chemical synthesis did not start until in 1843, Charles Mansfield, discovered a method to extract benzene from coal tar. Since its industrialization, benzene is produced and used in many industrial processes. Today, plastics, resins, dyes, implies the generation of benzene as intermediate. Also, chemical synthesis of phenol, cyclohexane, ethylbenzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons generates benzene as part of their production. In 1989, the Environmental Protection Agency of USA estimates…
Benzene and leukemia Melonie Brown Columbia Southern University Introduction Benzene is a hydrocarbon that is highly flammable. The hydrocarbon is used in many industrial processes. Statistics indicate that it is among the top 20 chemicals that are widely used in different industries across the world. The substance has wide application in oil and gas industry. As a matter of fact, it is used in making various types of lubricants. Benzene can be formed through natural processes such volcano…
grams, while the mass of 2-NBB, the ortho product, was 0.80 grams. The para product was expected to have the higher yield, since it is more stable and consequently harder to break down throughout the experiment. Keywords Nitration, Bromobenzene, Substitution, 4-nitrobromobenzene, 2-nitrobromobenzene, Column Chromatography, Infrared spectrum, Thin-Layer Chromatography. Introduction This experiment is performed to synthesize 4-nitrobromobenzene and 2-nitrobromobenzene, which is best…
This experiment was performed in order to demonstrate the principles of nitration through electrophilic aromatic substitution. It also examined the effects of bromine on an aromatic ring, ortho-para vs. meso directing. The second experiment was performed to compare the reaction rates of electrophilic aromatic bromination with different arenes. Data and Results In the gas chromatogram, there are two large peaks. The first peak at 0.653 minutes with an area of 133,352 uV per second, 31.95% of…
Ancient civilizations began dying hair through use of plant pigments that many cultures continue to use today. In Western culture, hair dye usage has increased steadily from the 1960s, and is now widely popular, as well as socially accepted. Despite the significant percentage of the human population that uses hair dyes on a regular basis very little research has been done on the effects of the dye on human health (Nohynek 2010). What studies have been conducted indicate that significant…
2000 tons of chlorobenzene, 200 tons of dioxin-contaminated trichlorophenol, 2400 tons of organic sulfur compounds (e.g., lauryl mercaptans), 2400 tons benzylchlorides and 2000 tons sodium sulfide/sulfhydrates” among others were been buried in the love canal over a ten year period. (Gensburg, et al. 2009, p 209; Kim, 1981 p.59). These waste were originally disposed as solids and liquids in metallic drums and non-metallic containers. Also, municipal waste were disposed in the dumpsite (Kim, 1981…
are almost pure after distillation. The reaction is smooth and the yield is generally good. Reaction: Procedure: In a 2-l. three-necked, round-bottomed flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer and two reflux condensers place 6.8 g of succinic anhydride and 35 g. of dry benzene. Start the stirrer and 20 g of powdered, anhydrous aluminum chloride all at once. Reflux it in an oil bath with stirring, for half an hour. Cool it and add 30 mL of water slowly added from a dropping funnel inserted…
Anisole is activating. The reason it is considered to be activating is because of the electron pairs on the ether molecule. Furthermore, the electrons activate the benzene ring which makes it more reactive. On the other hand, if benzoic acid replaced anisole in the experiment, it would act as a deactivating group. Carboxylic acid pulls electrons from the benzene ring acting as a withdrawing group which causes a slower reaction with the increase of stability and decrease in reactivity due to…
EXTRACTION OF A KNOWN MIXTURE Separation of mixture of Acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) and naphthalene Experiment # 6 Introduction A technique called extraction will be demonstrated in this experiment. Extraction relies on the solubility of substances into solvents and the insolubility of the solvents into each other. In this experiment, three organic compounds (aspirin and naphthalene) will be separated from each other. The two compounds are all soluble in ethyl ether (an organic solvent). By…
The major bottleneck for lipid extraction from the wet microalgae is the low extraction efficiency, because of the immiscibility of nonpolar organic solvents with water contained in wet microalgae {Yoo, 2012 #31} {Kim, 2013 #118}. Traditional method for lipid extraction from dry biomass uses a co-solvent system, which consist of a non-polar solvent and polar solvent {Halim, 2012 #7} {Kim, 2013 #118}. When the co-solvent system is directly applied to wet microalgal biomass, the microalgal cells…