Benzene

Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon that is represented with the formula C6H6. It was discovered in 1825 by a British scientist, Michael Faraday, who extracted it from crude oil by applying pressure, and named it “Bicarburet of hydrogen”. However, its chemical synthesis did not start until in 1843, Charles Mansfield, discovered a method to extract benzene from coal tar. Since its industrialization, benzene is produced and used in many industrial processes. Today, plastics, resins, dyes, implies the generation of benzene as intermediate. Also, chemical synthesis of phenol, cyclohexane, ethylbenzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons generates benzene as part of their production. In 1989, the Environmental Protection Agency of USA estimates…

Benzene and leukemia Melonie Brown Columbia Southern University Introduction Benzene is a hydrocarbon that is highly flammable. The hydrocarbon is used in many industrial processes. Statistics indicate that it is among the top 20 chemicals that are widely used in different industries across the world. The substance has wide application in oil and gas industry. As a matter of fact, it is used in making various types of lubricants. Benzene can be formed through natural processes such volcano…

Benzene, rings are very prevalent in many products that are used on a daily biases by humans, and compounds that contain benzene are often referred to as being aromatic. Benzene has characteristics that differ from many compounds causing it to react differently when mixed with certain compounds. Although benzene has three double bonds, it does not react like a normal alkene in terms of addition reactions. For example, when bromine reacts with a simple carbon-carbon double bond it forms dibromo.…

substituted by an electrophile. For benzene, aromaticity is a stabilizing feature. As such, instead of undergoing electrophilic additions, it undergoes electrophilic substitutions. The nitronium ion is the electrophile which gets attached to the electron rich aromatic ring. Given that benzene rings have low reactivity, the electrophile needs to be very reactive. Also, the electrophile attack can happen at 3 distinct locations, the meta, para or ortho locations, where the substitution takes…

The mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid is generated the nitronium ion. And nitronium is also a arenium ion which is resonance stability. After nitronium was generated, nitronium will attack the meta position of methyl benzoate aromatic ring and the reason is ester is meta director and deactivated benzene ring. Deactivated ring means the substituents on the ring are groups that withdraw electrons. When adding the H2SO4 and HNO3 mixture into methyl benzoate, it turns oily clear color. Moreover,…

grams, while the mass of 2-NBB, the ortho product, was 0.80 grams. The para product was expected to have the higher yield, since it is more stable and consequently harder to break down throughout the experiment. Keywords Nitration, Bromobenzene, Substitution, 4-nitrobromobenzene, 2-nitrobromobenzene, Column Chromatography, Infrared spectrum, Thin-Layer Chromatography. Introduction This experiment is performed to synthesize 4-nitrobromobenzene and 2-nitrobromobenzene, which is best…

There is no doubt that benzene is aromatic. Now we must ask: how can we insert a heteroatom into the ring and retain aromaticity? What kind of atom is needed? If we want to replace one of the carbon atoms of benzene with a heteroatom, we need an atom that can be trigonal to keep the flat hexagonal ring and that has a p orbital to keep the six delocalized electrons. Nitrogen is ideal so we can imagine replacing a CH group in benzene with a nitrogen atom. The orbitals in the ring have not changed…

2000 tons of chlorobenzene, 200 tons of dioxin-contaminated trichlorophenol, 2400 tons of organic sulfur compounds (e.g., lauryl mercaptans), 2400 tons benzylchlorides and 2000 tons sodium sulfide/sulfhydrates” among others were been buried in the love canal over a ten year period. (Gensburg, et al. 2009, p 209; Kim, 1981 p.59). These waste were originally disposed as solids and liquids in metallic drums and non-metallic containers. Also, municipal waste were disposed in the dumpsite (Kim, 1981…

are almost pure after distillation. The reaction is smooth and the yield is generally good. Reaction: Procedure: In a 2-l. three-necked, round-bottomed flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer and two reflux condensers place 6.8 g of succinic anhydride and 35 g. of dry benzene. Start the stirrer and 20 g of powdered, anhydrous aluminum chloride all at once. Reflux it in an oil bath with stirring, for half an hour. Cool it and add 30 mL of water slowly added from a dropping funnel inserted…

For the next two weeks, the objective of this lab is to explore EAS reactions. These reactions are possible spots on a benzene ring for substituting electrophiles due to compounds that are already on the ring. There are three types of directing substituents. The first one is a para-director which guides the second substituent on the opposite side of the benzene ring. The second director, which corresponds with para-directors, is the ortho-director. These directors place the group of atoms on the…