Benzene

a. The solubility of primary alcohols in water compared to that of alkanes. Explain the difference in terms of intermolecular forces. Solubility of alcohols in water Small alcohols are completely soluble in water; mixing the two in any proportion generates a single solution. However, solubility decreases as the length of the hydrocarbon chain in the alcohol increases. At four carbon atoms and beyond, the decrease in solubility is noticeable; a two-layered substance may appear in a test tube when…

Nitration occurs when benzene is treated with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The reaction proceeds from an electrophilic aromatic substitution, where a nitronium ion acts as then electrophile. Nitration of aromatics is one of the oldest and industrially most important…

stable carbocation, more stable than a tertiary carbocation. This is because the positive charge at the benzylic position can be effectively dispersed throughout the benzene ring via resonance. In general, charge dispersal is more effective through the resonance effect than the inductive effect. Resonance usually beats induction. The benzene ring is represented by the Kekulé structure to demonstrate the resonance effect. The resonance effect operates through  bonds and adjacent p-orbitals, and…

be deadly. Scented candles are made up of paraffin, a waxy solid used for petroleum to produce diesel oil. When they burn, paraffin release carcinogenic toxins, substances that causes cancer, into the atmosphere. Different carcinogenic toxins are benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, and many other chemical gases. These deadly chemicals are produced in your own home, causing indoor air pollution. When paraffin burns a certain way, it produces candle soot, a black substance produced by incomplete…

Assignment 343534 Carboxylic acid OH group 305342 Benzene CH (sp2) 298205 Sp3 CH 169934 C=O 165305 Benzene double(=) bond 159325 Benzene double(=) bond 128271 C=O stretching Fig 14: FTIR of pure drug + surfactant Table…

environmental and hereditary/genetic factors. According to the Center for Disease Control, one of the environmental factors is interaction to benzene and radiation. Benzene is a chemical found primarily in crude oil and gasoline. But can also be in plastics such as rubbers and detergents. It is also one of the toxic carcinogens found in cigarettes. Benzene works by poisoning white blood cells and causing them to copy their DNA wrong, resulting in cancerous leukemia cells. Like most cancers,…

This lab was a two week long lab called the Grignard Reaction lab. The purpose of this lab was to perform the Grignard reaction and to obtain the final product triphenylmethanol from a halide, phenylmagnesium bromide and the starting material, methyl benzoate along with the Grignard reagent. Bromobenzene, magnesium turnings, and anhydrous ether were needed to form the Grignard reagent. To synthesize the reagent, react the reagent with methyl benzoate to form a tertiary alcohol. The objective of…

synthase thus preventing the synthesis of thymidine (dTMP). It is orally absorbed and widely distributed in all tissues including the CNS, CSF and even into a fetus. The benzene ring is required for the activity of this drug. The nitrogen on the sulfonamide group is monosubstituted to increase activity and the amino group on the benzene ring is unsubstituted. It undergoes phase II metabolism via aniline glucuronidation and sulfonamide acetylation and is renally eliminated. Some of its adverse…

Kevlor A synthetic material which has high tensile strength and used in manufacturing of tires and also as a reinforcement agent in manufacturing of protective parts like helmet etc…, HISTORY In 1930’s a chemical company called DuPont prepared commercially succeful super polyamide. Actually in 1964 Stephanie kwolek discovered kevlor in DuPont laboratory while doing research on the high performance chemical compounds. Kevlor is patented Stephanie kwolek in 1966 which is used by many police…

Catechol is a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups attached. In the presence of O2 and an enzyme called polyphenol oxidase, which is found in large amounts in avocado, catechol is converted to quinones (Why Do Avocados Turn Brown? -The Chemistry of Avocados, 2015). When the enzyme helps convert catechol, it produces a molecule known as 1,2-benzoquinone, composed of a benzene ring with two oxygens, each double bonded to it. This product is toxic…