Antibody

Discussion of Relevant Literature In terms of understanding the role of the GI tract in immune response, articles 1 through 3 provided the best information. When trying to understand mechanisms or functions of a body system, it is important to discuss the implications of these mechanisms or functions in relation to what is relatable to the human body. Article 1 explains the role of GALT in the GI tract in relation to allergies, and goes further by discussing celiac disease, which is a common…

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic destructive polyarthritis. Disease progression induces the production of lesions on joints, which can cause severe damage that lead to cartilage destruction and bone erosion, and eventually to the loss of joint functions [1, 2]. The synovial fluid and the serum of RA patients contain high levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [3, 4]. The high levels of TNF-α are produced mainly by…

The effects of stress Stress can be involved in anyone’s life, no matter their age or status, and it can get frantic trying to be able to deal with it. Stress can be caused by anxiety, for example test anxiety or even worrying about someone or something. Stress keeps us wary of things all around us, as well as keeping us ready for anything, almost like a flight or fight instinct. In this day and age, stress can get in the way of peoples busy lives, and with long-lasting stress, it starts to…

Inhibition of cash crops and other plants immune system response has been linked to a bacterial infection. Researchers in the Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Carolina Centre for Genome Sciences at the University of North Carolina, and the Department of Biological Chemistry at John Innes Centre, have uncovered a correlation between bacterial protein, a molecule that performs…

Phyllanthus niruri Extracts of Phyllanthus niruri have been studied for biological activities in various animal models and in vitro models and reported to possess significant antimicrobial, antiviral, hepato protective, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial, antiurolithiatic and diuretic. The phytochemical studies were characterized and the presence of various compounds such as lignans, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, flavonoids, glycosinoids & tannins was mentioned (Narendra…

The system produces a number of substances include cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) such as defensins, bacteriolytic enzymes such as lysozyme etc. The production of these substances ensures that the microorganisms are destroyed before they get an opportunity to cause infections [4]. However, S. aureus has developed mechanisms, which enhance the evasion of the host immune system. The host’s body produces effector proteins after microbial invasion; nevertheless, S. aureus produces molecules…

1. Describe what occurs when a macrophage binds to a microorganism via phagocytic receptors on the surface of the macrophage and ligands on the surface of the microorganism. When a macrophage binds to a microorganism via phagocytic receptors, there are cell surface receptors and plasma proteins that recognize the properties such as carbohydrate, lipid,or nucleic acid of the surface of the microorganism. There are also complement receptors (C3/CR4) that recognize the ligands on the microbial…

Goffman (1971) explains the spread of ideas within a scientific community to be strikingly similar to the spread of infectious diseases and considers both these process to be special cases of a general communication process. An epidemic model using Markov chains was used to explain the spread of and to predict the rise and fall of research areas within a community. Markov property : A discrete time Markov chain is a stochastic process {Xn } with finite state space S that satisfies the Markov…

C5-curcuminoid-4-aminoquinoline based molecular hybrids: Design, synthesis and mechanistic investigation of anticancer activity Shamseer Kulangara Kandi,a Sunny Manohar,a Christian E. Vélez Gerena,bBeatriz Zayas,b Sanjay V.Malhotrac* and Diwan S. Rawata* Received (in XXX, XXX) XthXXXXXXXXX 20XX, Accepted Xth XXXXXXXXX 20XX DOI: 10.1039/b000000x Abstract: Theprivileged scaffolds of curcumin and 4-aminoquinolines are extensively used in the design and synthesis of biodynamic agents having…

Lymphatic Filariasis is a disease to the lymphatic system and is the “leading cause to permanent disability in the world” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The lymphatic system plays a major role to our immune system. Lymph is created from the lymphatic system which contain lymphocytes and white blood cells which as we know white blood cells are key to fighting off infections of any sort. Organs in the lymphatic system also dispose of some waste in the body. Lymph nodes are one of…