1. Describe what occurs when a macrophage binds to a microorganism via phagocytic receptors on the surface of the macrophage and ligands on the surface of the microorganism.
When a macrophage binds to a microorganism via phagocytic receptors, there are cell surface receptors and plasma proteins that recognize the properties such as carbohydrate, lipid,or nucleic acid of the surface of the microorganism. There are also complement receptors (C3/CR4) that recognize the ligands on the microbial surface. The macrophage captures pathogens by phagocytic receptors on the macrophage surface, then the macrophage engulfed and internalized the microorganisms by receptor mediated endocytosis. Phagosome will fuse with lysosomes, and form phagolysosomes (acidic vesicles contain degradative enzymes/toxic) to kill the pathogens.
2. What are cytokines? What is the role …show more content…
When infection has been detect, macrophages will release several types of cytokines (inflammatory cytokines) in order to recruit other cells to the area of infection. These cytokines can do that by creating an inflammation in the area of infected tissue.
3. Most immune cells are excluded from entering healthy tissues. Why is this (usually) beneficial for an organism?
Many immune cells are excluded from entering healthy tissues because healthy tissues do not need to be inflamed compared to infected tissues. For example, neutrophils, once they are called to the site of infection, it will cause an inflammatory response which will result inflammation in tissue. Pain, swelling, and redness of the tissue are usually the characteristics of an inflammation. This is beneficial for an organism because there are specialization in tasks so immune cells are there to fight against infection, and healthy tissues are there to assist cells growth and repair.
4. Describe two similarities and two differences between macrophages and
When a macrophage binds to a microorganism via phagocytic receptors, there are cell surface receptors and plasma proteins that recognize the properties such as carbohydrate, lipid,or nucleic acid of the surface of the microorganism. There are also complement receptors (C3/CR4) that recognize the ligands on the microbial surface. The macrophage captures pathogens by phagocytic receptors on the macrophage surface, then the macrophage engulfed and internalized the microorganisms by receptor mediated endocytosis. Phagosome will fuse with lysosomes, and form phagolysosomes (acidic vesicles contain degradative enzymes/toxic) to kill the pathogens.
2. What are cytokines? What is the role …show more content…
When infection has been detect, macrophages will release several types of cytokines (inflammatory cytokines) in order to recruit other cells to the area of infection. These cytokines can do that by creating an inflammation in the area of infected tissue.
3. Most immune cells are excluded from entering healthy tissues. Why is this (usually) beneficial for an organism?
Many immune cells are excluded from entering healthy tissues because healthy tissues do not need to be inflamed compared to infected tissues. For example, neutrophils, once they are called to the site of infection, it will cause an inflammatory response which will result inflammation in tissue. Pain, swelling, and redness of the tissue are usually the characteristics of an inflammation. This is beneficial for an organism because there are specialization in tasks so immune cells are there to fight against infection, and healthy tissues are there to assist cells growth and repair.
4. Describe two similarities and two differences between macrophages and