Antibody

You’ve most likely had a rash at some purpose or another, whether or not from poison Hedera helix or the pox or one thing more eerie. Why will your skin flee in red blotches like that? additional vital, is there something you'll be able to do concerning it? We often think about the skin as a barrier—it keeps the insides of our bodies in, and it keeps the surface world out. however our skin is additionally full of special cells of the system. These cells shield the skin and body against viruses,…

The acute inflammatory response can be stimulated by an infection, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies, or immune reactions. The stimulus is recognized by receptors on the surface phagocytes, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells. The two types of the receptors are the toll like receptors and the inflammasomes. The toll like receptors recognize bacterial and virus DNA and endotoxins and in response produce inflammatory mediators. The inflammasome recognizes microbial or dead cell products or…

Before the inflammation stage, bleeding needs to occur. The muscle tissue is destroyed through a direct or indirect cause to the muscle. Blood is initially released into the area due to ruptured blood vessels. Inflammation is the bodys defensive system in response to an injury, it is a non-specific response (Hertel, 1997) that will prepare the wound for healing. This phase will happen a few hours post injury (After the bleeding phase has ended) (Watson, 2012). The inflammation stage can be…

A pathogen is the name given to a group of organisms which cause diseases within the human body and are able to do so because of their ability to invade the bodies environment. Pathogens cause damage to the tissues within the human body by replicating themselves at a fast rate in order to invade as many near by cells and give themselves a better chance of survival before the immune system starts to fight them off (Fullick, 1998, pp. 8–9). They are passed on from one person to another and that's…

Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics refers to the mechanisms of drug action. Loratadine is a “non-sedating” tricyclic anti-histamine that possesses competitive, selective, peripheral H1-receptor antagonistic activity. The onset of the anti-histaminic effect occurs 1-2 hours after the administration of the drug and the peak effect occurs between 8-12 hours. Loratadine is known as a long-acting anti-histamine as its anti-histaminic effect can persist for up to 24 hours. Histamine is produced from…

Gastric carcinoid tumors originate from enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. ECL cells are confined in the gastric fundus and corpus cells (L. Vannella et al., 2011). ECL cells have the task of secreting histamine, which leads the secretion of parietal cells (L. Vannella et al., 2011). Histamines are produced by the immune system, and in response causes inflammation. Parietal cells are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCL) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the…

The host immune response is important in maintaining the health of periodontal tissues. The presence of pathogens in periodontal pockets will activate innate and adaptive immune responses in an attempt to clear the pathogenic threat as well as promote tissue homeostasis. However, the persistent presence of pathogens can cause the continuous activation of innate and adaptive immune responses; which in turn causes inappropriate inflammatory mediator (cytokine, chemokine, antimicrobial proteins…

This project looked at how carbohydrates can have an effect on the ability of proteins to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The blood brain barrier are formed by endothelial cells of the brain capillaries, restricts access to brain cells of blood-borne compounds and facilitates nutrients essential for normal metabolism to reach brain cells. This is a very tight regulation that results in the inability of small and large therapeutic compounds to cross the BBB. Lipidic systems can be…

1. A graft reject is a process in which the body immune system reacts or defends against the transplanted tissue. Because of this possibly, tissue typing or histocompatibility is used to minimize the chance of rejection of the recipient transplanted organ. The immune system attempts to defend the body against harmful substances such as germs, poisons, and sometimes, cancer cells. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gives the immune system the ability to distinguish between “self “and…

The job of the human body’s immune system is to fight against infection by detecting and destroying foreign bacteria and viruses, usually to much success. However, the immune system isn’t perfect, and can make mistakes. Sometimes, the immune system confuses a friendly part of the body for a pathogen, and begins attacking its own cells (Petrov, 2011). When these events occur, the body has contracted what is known as an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders have been rapidly growing problems…