Toxin

depends on the presence of these three virulence factors. Virulent forms are almost always encapsulated, serum resistant, and possessing the ability to acquire iron from iron-saturated transferrin, while avirulent variants lack these characteristics [29]. After the organism has entered the host and evaded host defenses, the organism replicates and produces toxins. These toxins as well as the organism’s pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are known as the damage-causing virulence factors. A surface lipoprotein (Ilpa) and flagellin have been identified as the PAMPs associated with V. vulnificus that lead to various cytokines (i.e. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF α) being released from macrophages [30]. This cytokine release is believed to mediate the systemic inflammatory response that is commonly seen with V. vulnificus infections, which causes damage to host tissues and cells [31]. Furthermore, the bacterium produces a toxin, referred to as RtxA1 [32]. RtxA1 is believed to trigger excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the host, which would lead to necrotic cell death and apoptosis [33]. Another toxin responsible for damage is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is found in the outer membrane of the organism [34]. LPS mediates the endotoxic shock associated with severe V. vulnificus disease, which can lead to death [35]. In addition, V. vulnificus also produces hemolysins and metallo-proteases. The hemolysins produced (VvhA) insert into the membrane of…

Botulinum Toxin is categorized as a neurotoxin. Having a fatal dose of merely one to two micrograms it is considered one of the most lethal neurological agents known. The toxin is a microbial product synthesized by an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria Clostridium botulinum whose natural habitat is soil (Qiagen). There are seven antigenically distinguishable exotoxins differentiated by the use of the prefix BoNT followed by the letters A-G. Although each has a slightly different…

“Toxin handling” and well-being: The case of the human resources manager There are three main issues being discussed and studied in this article. Firstly, it looks at two contemporary HR managers’ roles: a formal role of strategic partner and an informal role of toxin handler (which under this article gives the meaning as a concerned manager who makes an attempt dealing with grievances and emotions arisen within the workplace). Secondly, the article addresses the impact of these dual roles on…

Chemicals affect everyday life, especially toxic ones in products such as sunscreen, inks, dyes, and cosmetics. With these toxins come birth defects, especially with the chemical group Glycol Ethers are linked to blood abnormalities and asthma in children. Many of these toxins are unavoidable, being in food and drink items such as milk and water. Although these items are in children's toys and food products they are also in our environment. Every second, 310kg of toxins are released into the…

 What is botox Botulinum neurotoxin is produced naturally by Clostridium botulinum, a gram positive spore forming bacteria. It has eight different serotypes named Type A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G. Botulinum toxin type A is the most powerful and longest acting of all and used widely for therapeutic purpose. It consists of two polypeptide chains : a heavy chain and a light chain linked together by a disulphide bond. It is synthesized in an inactive single peptide chain with a molecular mass of…

Ashley Beach February 10, 2015 Communications 111 Informative Speech Medical Use of Botox I. Introduction A. Throughout the history of perfecting modern medicine, there have been many medical breakthroughs that have changed the perception of medical treatment. B. Medline Plus describes botox or botulinum toxin as a type of drug created by clostridium botulinum, a bacterium that blocks nerve communication between muscles, causing the muscles to paralyze and not contract. C. There are many…

In the 2001 nonfiction book Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser unmasks the reality behind fast food industries by pointing out some of the consequences such as the change it has caused to several cities, deathly illnesses, and the gap between the rich and the poor; his purpose is to convince people to make the right decisions on their own (276). In chapter nine, Schlosser illustrates how some of the deadly diseases such as E. coli 0157:H7, foodborne pathogens, microbes, and Salmonella are spread…

The toxin was first discovered in 1735 Europe as it caused a fatal disease of the nervous system. Its cause was suspected to be connected to German Sausages. This is originally where its name came from, as due to these suspicions the toxin was named “botulus” – the Latin for sausage. Since then we know that Botulinum Toxin is a potent neurotoxin that is produced by rod-shaped spore-forming anaerobic bacterium called Clostridium bacterium. The bacterium require special conditions to reproduce;…

Bacillus anthracis i. Bacillus anthracis is able to defend itself against phagocytosis because of its outer shell made out of poly-D-glutamic acid. This shell allows the bacteria to go through the body since the immune system does not register it as a harmful substance and protects the inner components of the bacteria (Mogridge 2007). ii. Anthrax toxin contains the protective antigen, edema factor, and the lethal factor. This combination allows the toxin to effectively attach and invade…

anthrax toxins, through a special channel in the cell membrane. Then this ATP is sensed by a receptor that is located on a second macrophage, which will assemble and activate…