RNA

nucleus. It is in the center of the cell, and takes up about ten percent of the cell’s volume. It is a large, oval-shaped structure bound by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. Inside the nucleus, are organelles called nucleoli, which assemble RNA and synthesize ribosomal subunits. Throughout the inside of the nucleus, is a substance called the nucleoplasm, which suspends the nucleus’ structures. The nucleus controls the activities of the cell to maintain life and reproduce. It…

Saibhuvaneswari RA1611014010048 JUMPING GENES Transposable elements (TEs), also known as "jumping genes" or transposons, are sequences of DNA that move (or jump) from one location in the genome to another. A transposable element (TE or transposon) is a DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size. Transposition often results in duplication of the TE. The transposable elements make…

Amino acids Amino acids are building block s of proteins. Each amino acid contains main three structural components. 1) Amino group 2) Carboxcilic group 3) R group Figure 1 https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=amino+acids&view=detailv2&&id=072990A13D7C6B29926E0FC3F9E9BE59C8A6322E 2016 R can be hydrogen or any other functional group .in world there are around 182-200 found to be present in nature but we can find 20 aminoacids in…

Introduction Nucleotide is a building block for deoxyribose nucleic acids which is called DNA that has four base units,adenin(A) ,thymine(T) ,guanine(G), cytosine(C). The nucleotides can bond with their base pairs(A=T,G=C) to form a linear strand that is supported by sugar-phosphate backbone. In the linear strand, some of three base sequence is a codon and each codon is related to an amino acid. These codons come together in a linear sequence and create a gene. Gene can be called as cipher that…

Results Design of the RNAi vector The PMT gene family is well conserved among the Solanales. There are five genes in the PMT gene family (PMT1 to PMT5) which differ in the exon 1 sequence due to the insertion of a variable number of 33 nucleotide repeats. This makes the first exon as an ideal region for the design of gene specific RNAi trigger sequence (Fig 1A). Full-length sequences are available for four PMT genes (PMT1 to PMT4) whereas only the sequence of exon1 is known for PMT5 which…

Fundamentals of Biochemistry in the Biotech Industry Maple Syrup Urine Disease: A Sweet Scented Killer Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is a rare, potentially deadly disorder where the body cannot break down the three branched- chained amino acids (BCCA): leucine, isoleucine and valine. These amino acids are used to build proteins and when they are not being used they can be broken down and recycled in the cell. The complex that breaks these amino acids down is called BCKD (branched-chain…

DNA is the element of making an organism. It contains genetic information that can be applied to all kinds of functions required for living. DNA is a sequence of nucleotides which can be transcript to mRNA. When mRNA is formed, it can later on translate to tRNA where codon could be found. Codon is a set of nucleotide in tRNA which is directly related to the formation of amino acid. The combination of codon determines the characteristic of the amino acid. In other words, to make amino acids,…

DNA is our genetic code, it is permanent and unchangeable. Epigenetics are the mechanisms that influence DNA, it is the device that inhibits or increases our gene expression. Epigenetics can be influenced by many factors, for example nutrition and stress. Although the actual makeup of our genetic code isn’t changed by these factors, the extent to which the genes are expressed can be (Rettner, 2013). Epigeneticist Moshe Szyf highlighted the ways in which different behaviors can influence…

Gene traps are the plasmid or retrovirus-based vectors having a reporter gene that is only expressed when integrated in a functional gene. They were originally developed for the study of insertional mutagenesis in mouse. The gene traps were used to identify and characterize genes which were regulated by exogenous stimuli or during development process. The gene trap is a process which makes it possible to identify genes that gives rise to phenotypic effects when they are switched off, and also…

Progeria, otherwise known as Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome , is a rare disorder that causes children to age eight times faster than a normal person. This disease affect only 350 kids today. It was discovered by Jonathan Hutchinson in England in 1886 and was first called Progeria by Hastings Gilford. It was then named Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome. The name Progeria is taken from a Greek word that means "prematurely old". It is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning that an…